We have initiated a large project on identifying the requirements for developing a realistic and ground-up approach to simulating the formation of terrestrial planets in our solar system. As the first phase of this project, we present here the criteria that any model of planetesimal growth needs to fulfill in order to be self-consistent and produce reliable results. We demonstrate how these criteria emerge by revisiting runaway growth and carrying out a thorough analysis of its results. As our goal is to identify the pathway to a realistic model, we focus analysis on simulations where at the beginning, planetesimals are not artificially enlarged. We show how using uninflated planetesimals, as the first requirement for a realistic model, will result in a set of criteria naturally emerging from the evolution of the system. For instance, the growth times in simulations with uninflated planetesimals become comparable to the time of giant planet formation implying that any realistic simulation of planetesimal growth, in addition to using real-size planetesimals, needs to include the perturbation of the growing giant planets as well. Our analysis also points to a strong connection between the initial distribution of planetesimals and the final outcome. For instance, due to their natural expansion, initially isolated distributions, or a collection of initially isolated distributions, such as rings of planetesimals, do not produce reliable results. In a self-consistent and realistic model, where the initial conditions are supported by basic principles and do not include simplifying, ad hoc assumptions, the entire disk of planetesimals has to be simulated at once. We present the results of our analyses and discuss their implied criteria.

Hepatitis B virus vaccination is currently recommended in Australia for adults at an increased risk of acquiring infection or at high risk of complications from infection. This retrospective cohort study used data from an Australian sentinel surveillance system to assess the proportion of individuals who had a recorded test that indicated being susceptible to hepatitis B infection in six priority populations, as well as the proportion who were then subsequently vaccinated within six months of being identified as susceptible. Priority populations included in this analysis were people born overseas in a hepatitis B endemic country, people living with HIV, people with a recent hepatitis C infection, gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men, people who have ever injected drugs, and sex workers. Results of the study found that in the overall cohort of 43,335 individuals, 14,140 (33%) were identified as susceptible to hepatitis B, and 5,255 (37%) were subsequently vaccinated. Between 26% and 33% of individuals from priority populations were identified as susceptible to hepatitis B infection, and the proportion of these subsequently vaccinated within six months was between 28% and 42% across the groups. These findings suggest further efforts are needed to increase the identification and subsequent vaccination of susceptible individuals among priority populations recommended for hepatitis B vaccination, including among people who are already engaged in hepatitis B care.

Turbulent flows exhibit large intermittent fluctuations from inertial to dissipative scales, characterised by multifractal statistics and breaking the statistical self-similarity. It has recently been proposed that the Navier–Stokes turbulence restores a hidden form of scale invariance in the inertial interval when formulated for a dynamically (nonlinearly) rescaled quasi-Lagrangian velocity field. Here we show that such hidden self-similarity extends to the large-eddy-simulation (LES) approach in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In particular, we show that classical subgrid-scale models, such as implicit or explicit Smagorinsky closures, respect the hidden scale invariance at all scales – both resolved and subgrid. In the inertial range, they reproduce the hidden scale invariance of Navier–Stokes statistics. These properties are verified very accurately by numerical simulations and, beyond CFD, turn LES into a valuable tool for fundamental turbulence research.

This paper analyses the precarious balance between the economic demands of landowners and the defence of public interest in the Tuscan Maremma in a significant time frame for Italian land reclamation (from the 1860s to the 1950s). Increasing productivity in marginal lands was the primary reason for reclamation work, but the considerable investment involved did not always ensure significant gain in land value. Landowners exerted powerful pressure on the state to contribute to the implementation of more complex projects, but the state also needed their co-operation for its territory-wide plans. This new land acquisition fitted into a complex socio-economic context in which poverty, social tensions, health, and sanitation challenges as well as migration demanded incisive political policies which could not always be fully implemented. This essay shows that certain economic factors outweighed others and that, more often than not, the public social policies adopted played into the hands of private economic interests, and the large-scale reclamation work implemented in the Maremma led to the almost total disappearance of a deeply rooted farming tradition, the silvo-pastoral economy.

This article challenges the OECD’s dominant downstream-centric framework on plastic pollution by drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork in India, Indonesia and the Philippines. While OECD policies emphasize mismanaged waste and littering in low- and middle-income countries as primary causes of plastic leakage, the authors argue this perspective obscures the structural role of upstream plastic production, driven largely by petrochemical interests in the Global North. Through field data, the article reveals how “leaky” infrastructures – such as incineration plants in India, public–private waste partnerships in Indonesia and grassroots upcycling in the Philippines – fail to contain plastic waste, often exacerbating pollution and exposing communities to toxic emissions and microplastics. The study introduces a conceptual framework of “material and structural leakiness,” emphasizing how plastics and the infrastructures designed to manage them are inherently porous. It critiques the notion of shared responsibility, highlighting how it disproportionately burdens marginalized communities. The authors call for a paradigm shift away from recycling and clean-up as core solutions, advocating instead for upstream interventions like production caps and chemical regulation. The article underscores that without legally binding global commitments to reduce virgin plastic production, the toxic burden of plastic pollution will continue to fall on the most vulnerable populations.

Humanity faces an unprecedented challenge in the necessity to rapidly change behaviors across various life domains to address multiple environmental crises, such as climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. This includes the behavior of individuals at work and within organizations. Industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology is uniquely positioned to provide evidence-based recommendations for changing organizational decision-making and behavior toward greater environmental sustainability. Although a substantial body of research on this topic has emerged over the past decade, the discipline has yet to realize its full potential because the topic is currently not prioritized and the practical and societal impact of previous research is limited. This article aims to propel research on environmental sustainability at work forward. To do so, it (a) outlines the interconnections between organizations and environmental sustainability; (b) portrays previous research efforts on environmental sustainability at work, resulting in an integrative conceptual framework across micro, meso, macro, and magno levels; and (c) provides actionable recommendations for high-impact future I-O psychology research and practice related to environmental sustainability. Following an “impact-first” rationale, we identified 10 areas for future research across the four levels of the conceptual framework. For each area, we present relevant theoretical perspectives, methodological approaches, and connections to related disciplines. Finally, we provide suggestions for effective science–practice transfer. Overall, the article seeks to spark discussion on this crucial topic within the community and to inspire I-O psychology researchers and practitioners to contribute to environmental sustainability.

We present a theoretical framework for porous media gravity currents propagating over rigid curvilinear surfaces. By reducing the flow dynamics to low-dimensional models applicable on surfaces where curvature effects are negligible, we demonstrate that, for finite-volume releases, the flow behaviour in both two-dimensional and axisymmetric configurations is primarily governed by the ratio of the released viscous fluid volume to the characteristic volume of the curvilinear surface. Our theoretical predictions are validated using computational fluid dynamics simulations based on a sharp-interface model for macroscopic flow in porous media. In the context of carbon dioxide geological sequestration, our findings suggest that wavy cap rock geometries can enhance trapping capacity compared with traditional flat-surface assumptions, highlighting the importance of incorporating realistic topographic features into subsurface flow models.

This case note analyzes the arbitral tribunal’s assessment in Gabriel Resources v. Romania, focusing on the investors’ “second alternative claim” that Romania’s nomination and subsequent inscription of the Roșia Montană Mining Landscape on the World Heritage List constituted a breach of its obligations under the applicable bilateral investment treaties. It examines whether the tribunal’s reasoning aligns with prior investment case law involving the World Heritage Convention, and it reflects on certain aspects of the award that may warrant closer scrutiny, particularly in light of the potential normative tensions between the protection of host states’ heritage and the rights of foreign investors.

Although choice-of-jurisdiction clauses are routinely enforced by courts in the United States, there are circumstances where they are subject to special scrutiny. One of these circumstances is when the party resisting the clause was not provided with proper notice as to the existence of the clause or the identity of the chosen jurisdiction. This Article first reviews the existing case law in this area and shows that while some U.S. courts have refused to enforce clauses for lack of notice, others do so as a matter of course. It then discusses several decisions where U.S. courts have held that notice may serve as a substitute for consent to bind parties to choice-of-jurisdiction clauses in agreements that they never signed.

The radical right is now able to impose its personnel and its agenda as the ‘new normal’ for a different European Union (EU). Nevertheless, there is still a lack of research into how this normalization is circulated by radical-right members of the European Parliament (MEPs), eager to be part of the social world of the liberal democratic European parliamentarians. This process of normalization is investigated in this article by carrying out a critical discourse analysis of the argumentation used by radical-right MEPs to reject an EU regulation supposed to preserve press freedom, currently threatened by the radical right in many EU member states: the European Media Freedom Act (EMFA). The analysis shows that these MEPs have been keen to use a series of topoi to claim their embeddedness in liberal democracies, while mobilizing symbols and meanings revealing their autocratic roots and their willingness to redefine media freedom.

In this work, we study the effectiveness of the time-localised principal resolvent forcing mode at actuating the near wall cycle of turbulence. This mode is restricted to a wavelet pulse and computed from a singular value decomposition of the windowed wavelet-based resolvent operator (Ballouz et al. 2024b, J. Fluid Mech. vol. 999, A53) such that it produces the largest amplification via the linearised Navier–Stokes equations. We then inject this time-localised mode into the turbulent minimal flow unit at different intensities, and measure the deviation of the system’s response from the optimal resolvent response mode. Using the most energetic spatial wavenumbers for the minimal flow unit – i.e. constant in the streamwise direction and once-periodic in the spanwise direction – the forcing mode takes the shape of streamwise rolls and produces a response mode in the form of streamwise streaks that transiently grow and decay. Though other works such as Bae et al. (2021 J. Fluid Mech. vol. 914, A3) demonstrate the importance of principal resolvent forcing modes to buffer layer turbulence, none instantaneously track their time-dependent interaction with the turbulence, which is made possible by their formulation in a wavelet basis. For initial times and close to the wall, the turbulent minimal flow unit matches the principal response mode well, but due to nonlinear effects, the response across all forcing intensities decays prematurely with a higher forcing intensity leading to faster energy decay. Nevertheless, the principal resolvent forcing mode does lead to significant energy amplification and is more effective than a randomly generated forcing structure and the second suboptimal resolvent forcing mode at amplifying the near-wall streaks. We compute the nonlinear energy transfer to secondary modes and observe that the breakdown of the actuated mode proceeds similarly across all forcing intensities: in the near-wall region, the induced streak forks into a structure twice-periodic in the spanwise direction; in the outer region, the streak breaks up into a structure that is once-periodic in the streamwise direction. In both regions, spanwise oscillations account for the dominant share of nonlinear energy transfer.

Our family album is often the first medium through which we encounter war: nestled in the heart of home life and revisited throughout childhood, its pages intertwine peacetime photos of vacations and gatherings with wartime images featuring smiling soldiers and pastoral landscapes from missions abroad, blending these contrasting realities into one familiar story. This article introduces, for the first time, this overlooked heritage, tracing its roots to WWI – the first conflict photographed by the public. With the outbreak of war, the amateur photography industry, focused on leisure and holidays, came to a halt. Kodak found an unexpected solution: rebranding the camera as a tool to transform harsh realities into peaceful moments by capturing images that portrayed war as joyfully as a summer vacation. It marketed the zoom as a way to avoid violence by keeping it out of the frame while promoting one-click shooting as a means to preserve fleeting moments of beauty amid chaos. The flash was positioned as a source of optimism in dark times, and the family album was framed as a nostalgic object creating a view of the ongoing war as if it had already ended. Capitalizing on witnesses’ longing for peace, this campaign achieved unprecedented success, establishing norms for amateur war photography. This article defines this model that shapes how we see, capture, and share the experience of war, acquiring renewed significance as amateur war photography expands from family albums to the global reach of social media.