Cette note de recherche vise à offrir une première introduction aux enjeux de la recherche par sondage, en particulier lorsqu’on utilise des données provenant de panels non probabilistes, comme les sondages en ligne. Nous expliquons le concept clé d’ignorabilité, qui aide à comprendre comment les biais de sélection peuvent affecter les résultats, et comment certaines techniques statistiques – comme la post-stratification et le raking – peuvent tenter de les corriger. À l’aide de simulations, nous montrons dans quels contextes ces méthodes peuvent fonctionner, et dans quels cas elles échouent. Les résultats suggèrent que les sondages non probabilistes présentent des limites importantes pour produire des estimations valides, mais qu’il existe aussi des pistes pour en améliorer l’usage, surtout dans le contexte actuel où ces données sont de plus en plus courantes en sciences sociales.

The authors examine the 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940 US censuses to identify demographic characteristics of children who resided in public and private institutions for minors, with special attention to patterns of racial segregation and exclusion. The article focuses on public and private institutions founded exclusively to serve children and youth and also on correctional institutions for children and adults. The authors found racial segregation in private institutions, underrepresentation of children of color in both private and public institutions, and overrepresentation of boys of color in correctional institutions for minors and adults. They also identified a historical pattern, with few exceptions, of excluding girls of color from all types of public and private institutions.

The use of extended reality (XR) for education of healthcare personnel (HCP) is increasing. XR equipment is reusable and often shared between HCP in clinical areas; however, it may not include manufacturer’s instructions for use (MIFU) in healthcare settings. Considerations for the selection of equipment and development of cleaning and disinfection protocols are described.

This paper examines the impact of weather conditions on wheat production in the Florence and Siena regions in the early modern age, emphasizing the need to contextualize this influence within historical, geographical, and economic frameworks. Our quantitative findings suggest that, on average, hotter and wetter spring and summer weather conditions were beneficial for wheat yields in early modern Tuscany, though this relationship holds true only within a certain optimal range; otherwise, extreme conditions are detrimental. However, the boundaries between optimal and non-optimal conditions vary based on the historical, economic, and geographical context, ultimately determining the level of agricultural productivity. Specifically, we argue that two macro causes – primary production factors and the degree of market volatility – play a crucial role in shaping the effects of weather on agricultural outcomes. First, soil conditions, technology (broadly defined), and capital-labour ratios are the most significant determinants of agricultural productivity. Second, competitive and integrated markets, when supported by countercyclical institutions – in our case, the annona system – can mitigate the negative consequences of adverse weather by reducing the resulting volatility. Where such institutions are weak or absent, speculation (i.e., hoarding), driven by price expectations under high volatility, may arise and amplify disruptions.

When a liquid film on a horizontal plate is driven in motion by a shear stress, surface waves are easily generated. This paper studies such flow at moderate Reynolds numbers, where the surface tension and inertial force are equally important. The governing equations for two-dimensional flows are derived using the long-wave approximation along with the integral boundary-layer theory. For small disturbances, the dispersion relation and neutral curves are determined by the linear stability analysis. For finite-amplitude perturbations, the numerical simulation suggests that the oscillations generated by the perturbation in a certain place continuously spread to the surrounding areas. When the effects of surface tension and gravity reach equilibrium, steady-state solutions will emerge, which include two cases: solitary waves and periodic waves. The former have heteroclinic trajectories between two stationary points, while the latter include five patterns at different parameters. In addition, there are also periodic waves that do not converge after a long period of time. During these evolution processes, strange attractors appear in the phase space. By examining the Poincaré section and the sensitivity to initial values, we demonstrate that these waves can be divided into two types: quasi-periodic and chaotic solutions. The specific type depends on parameters and initial conditions.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with heterogeneous outcomes that depend heavily on symptom stability as a prerequisite for psychosocial rehabilitation and reintegration. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) are a relevant treatment tools that can help advance meaningful outcomes through improved antipsychotic adherence and relapse prevention, deliver pharmacokinetic advantages less achievable with oral formulations, improve patient autonomy, increase functioning, and reduce the risk of premature mortality even more than oral antipsychotics. However, LAIs remain largely underutilized. Non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors for relapse are summarized, potential advantages and disadvantages of LAIs are reviewed, and myths and misconceptions regarding LAIs are outlined and contrasted with evidence. This information is crucial when engaging in shared decision-making and motivational interviewing to educate patients and caregivers about the treatment option of LAIs, including in early illness stages. Since the first episode and early phases of schizophrenia are a defining time, choosing treatments with the greatest potential for improved outcomes is key. In adults with multi-episode schizophrenia, LAIs have shown superiority over oral antipsychotics for relapse/hospitalization and a variety of multiple other efficacy, effectiveness, functionality, and survival metrics. Additionally, LAIs have shown superiority over oral antipsychotics in patients with first-episode/ or early-phase illness, at least in meaningful subgroups of studies and patients that point toward superiority in settings, individuals, and treatment paradigms that more closely match clinical care. Based on this evidence, hesitancies to discuss and offer LAIs in clinical care need to be overcome, framing LAIs not as a last resort but a viable first-line/earlyphase treatment option that can meaningfully transform the long-term course of schizophrenia.

How does a CEO’s early-life poverty trauma exposure affect a firm’s involvement in poverty alleviation and the prioritization between generic and strategic involvement? We find that CEOs with such exposure are more likely to engage in both types of poverty alleviation initiatives. We further examine the asymmetry effect and find that these CEOs will prioritize strategic over generic involvement in poverty alleviation. We also conduct a post hoc analysis to test the mediating effect of emphasis on resource efficiency on the relationship between CEOs’ early-life exposure to poverty trauma and the relative emphasis on strategic over generic involvement in poverty alleviation. Using a sample of Chinese publicly listed firms from 2016 to 2021, we find strong support for our predictions. Our study contributes to the literature on CEOs’ early-life experiences and corporate poverty alleviation engagement.

A saxicolous species of Chiodecton and two corticolous species of Enterographa are described as new to science. Chiodecton submontanum is characterized by a saxicolous habitat, irregularly verrucose thallus, inspersed hymenium, ascospores usually exceeding 50 μm in length with 6–10 septa and the presence of roccellic acid. Enterographa sparrii has immersed, perithecioid ascomata in indistinct to slightly raised pseudostromata, 40–55 μm long ascospores with 6–9 septa and contains roccellic acid. Enterographa subcaudata has immersed, more or less round ascomata with a black disc, 35–58 μm long ascospores with 6–12(–15) septa and schizopeltic acid in its chemistry. Additionally, an identification key to the members of Roccellaceae reported so far from India is provided.

Parental criminality is a risk factor for crime, but little is known about why some individuals exposed to this risk refrain from crime. We explored associations of resting heart rate (RHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), cognitive ability (CA), and psychological functioning (PF) with criminal convictions among men with a convicted parent, accounting for unmeasured familial factors in sibling analyses. Data were obtained from Swedish registers, including all men born in Sweden between 1958 and 1992 with a convicted parent (N = 495,109), followed for up to 48 years. The potential protective factors were measured at mandatory conscription. Outcomes were conviction of any, violent, and non-violent crime. Survival analyses were used to test for associations, adjusting for measured covariates and unmeasured familial factors. Higher levels of RHR, SBP, CA, and PF were associated with reduced risk of criminality after adjusting for covariates. RHR associations were largely explained by familial factors. CA and PF associations were not due to sibling-shared confounders, in line with a causal interpretation. SBP results, indicating a protective effect against non-violent crime, warrant further investigation.

Continuous monitoring of the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet is crucial to assess its contribution to the rise of sea levels. The GRACE and GRACE-FO missions have provided monthly estimates of the Earth’s gravity field since 2002, which have been widely used to estimate monthly mass changes of ice sheets. However, there is an 11 month gap between the two missions. Here, we propose a data-driven approach that combines atmospheric variables from the ERA5 reanalysis with GRACE-derived mass anomalies from previous months to predict mass changes. Using an auto-regressive structure, the model is naturally predictive for shorter times without GRACE/-FO observations. The results show a high r2-score (> 0.73) between model predictions and GRACE/-FO observations. Validating the model’s ability to reproduce mass anomalies when observations are available builds confidence in estimates used to bridge the GRACE and GRACE/-FO gap. Although GRACE and GRACE-FO are treated equally by the model, we see a decrease in model performance for the period covered by GRACE-FO, indicating that they may not be as well-calibrated as previously assumed. Gap predictions align well with mass change estimates derived from other geodetic methods and remain within the uncertainty envelope of the GRACE-FO observations.

Let G be a locally compact, Hausdorff, second countable groupoid and A be a separable, $C_0(G^{(0)})$-nuclear, G-$C^*$-algebra. We prove the existence of quasi-invariant, completely positive and contractive lifts for equivariant, completely positive and contractive maps from A into a separable, quotient $C^*$-algebra. Along the way, we construct the Busby invariant for G-actions.

Newgrange, the Neolithic monument and centerpiece of the Brú na Bóinne UNESCO World Heritage complex, is a high-profile example of prehistoric societies’ observation of, and reverence for, solar events. Comparatively little is known about how these concepts were remembered by those using Newgrange over subsequent millennia. While excavations have uncovered large quantities of later material culture, debate continues about what these subsequent activities represent. We combine zooarchaeological, radiocarbon, and isotopic evidence to assess the nature and seasonality of human–animal–environment relationships at Newgrange. Results show a concentration of feasting activity, focused on pigs, dating to 2600–2450 BC and indicate that most pigs were slaughtered shortly after a period of rapid, pannage-fueled weight gain. This seasonal specificity indicates feasting likely occurred in the weeks around the winter solstice and suggests that, centuries after passage tomb construction ended, practices at Newgrange continued to focus on the general winter solstice timeframe. We also connect a unique isotopic signature for mast (tree nuts) with pannage husbandry, a pattern that should allow for reinterpretation of archaeological pig diets and human–woodland relationships across Europe.

The Tudor and Stuart New Year's gift exchange rolls were prepared every year. The manuscripts were kept in the Jewel House as an audit and accounting record of the inventory and were removed when the contents of the Jewel House were dispersed in 1649. A total of thirty-five rolls of the Tudor and Stuart exchanges are known to be extant. Between the mid-seventeenth century and the present time these manuscripts were held in private muniment collections, sold at auctions and intermittently studied by dilettantes. Individuals purchased the rolls for personal study and as curiosities. Antiquarians and Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London were interested in and recognised the value of these gift rolls. Antiquarian book dealers and autograph collectors enhanced the rarity of royal signatures and emphasised the rarity of these manuscripts. Sale catalogues of various bookdealers and auction houses record the path of the gift rolls from and/or into private collections and archives. Presently, while they should be included with the other state papers, these manuscripts are in the custody of eleven different archival locations in three countries. This paper tracks the preservation of these manuscripts through their ownership journeys and the records related to their locations.

Responding to Konstantin Morozov’s article, which criticizes the Entrepreneurial Theory of Ownership, I point out that the reality of the right to unconsciously interact with objects, on which he heavily relies, is dubious.

In this study, we present a fractal dimension analysis of high Schmidt number passive scalar mixing in experiments of turbulent pipe flow. By using the high-resolution planar laser-induced fluorescence technique, the scalar concentration fields are measured at Reynolds numbers $10\,000$, $15\,000$ and $20\,000$. In the inertial–convective range, the iso-scalar surface exhibits self-similar fractal characteristics, giving fractal dimension $1.67 \pm 0.05$ from the two-dimensional measurements over a range of length scales. This fractal dimension is approximately independent of the criteria of extracting the iso-scalar surfaces, the corresponding thresholds and the Reynolds numbers examined in this study. The crossover length scale, beyond which the $1.67 \pm 0.05$ fractal dimension is exhibited, is about ten times the Kolmogorov length scale, in agreement with previous studies. As the length scales decrease to be smaller than this crossover length scale, the fractal dimension, calculated from the one-dimensional signals, increases and approaches a saturation at approximately 2 (with the additive law) in the viscous–convective range, manifesting the space-filling characteristics, as theoretically predicted by Grossmann & Lohse (1994, Europhys. Lett., vol. 27, 347). This observation presents first-time experimental evidence for the fractal characteristics predicted by Grossmann and Lohse for the high Schmidt number passive scalar mixing.