Chapter 5 treats the fundamentals of small-scale fading and the propagation mechanisms that cause multipath, doppler spread, time dispersion, and distortions to transmitted signals in the radio propagation channel. Detailed theoretical derivations and explanations for the small-scale channel impairments are presented with numerous examples. Flat and frequency selective fading, as well as fast and slow fading, are defined and analyzed. Key distributions found in the real world, such as Raleigh fading, Rician fading, and the classical Clarke and Gans model for multipath, are presented. Shape factor theory shows how the classical small-scale fading results may be replicated with excellent accuracy using the first thee Fourier coefficients of the spatial distribution of energy arriving at an antenna.

Ever since we began to build software systems that interacted with humans, there have ethical concerns about the ways in which we interact with them. In [830], for example, Weizenbaum observes of the world’s first chatterbot that “ELIZA shows, if nothing else, how easy it is to create and maintain the illusion of understanding, hence perhaps of judgment deserving of credibility. A certain danger lurks there.”2 Fast forward more than 60 years, and this observation that a “certain danger lurks there” has emerged as a range of different concerns about the ways in which software (and hardware) systems are developed and deployed, and the range of data that modern data-driven systems rely upon. The space of machine ethics is vast, and a large number of texts, papers, and policy documents now exist on the subject.

Chapter 8 presents the fundamentals of speech coding by first considering quantization of an analog voice signal.The time and frequency domain properties of speech are considered, leading to the various forms of speech coding that are used in wireless communication systems.Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) is presented and explained, along with frequency domain speech coding methods such as sub-band coding (SBC) and adaptive transform coding (ATC).A wide range of vocoders and linear predictive coders (LPC) are presented, along with structures and approaches used in practice. The chapter concludes with a number of technical considerations used to select a particular speech coder, and studies the speech coders used in the 2G global standards in Europe (GSM) and North America (USDC and CDMA).

The history of wind power is discussed, from pumping water that reclaimed land in the Netherlands in the 1600s to today’s megawatt-scale, grid-tied, electricity-generating behemoths. Installations in Denmark (Vindeby, Copenhagen), the US (West Texas, Wyoming, offshore Atlantic), Spain (100% wind in El Hierro), the UK (London Array, North Sea), and China (China’s Wind Base program is expected to reach 1 terrawatt of grid power by 2050) are examined as are novel horizontal-axis, vertical-axis, and vibrating turbine technologies. The number of onshore and offshore sites continues to increase the amount of grid-tied renewable energy year on year (now 10%). The problems of long-distance transmission, stranded power, and recycling are discussed.

The origin of the grid is explained, starting with Nikola Tesla and Westinghouse at Niagara Falls, high-voltage transformers, and central-power plant construction across the globe. Renewable-energy technologies are discussed, including hydroelectric dams, geothermal (Iceland, Italy, the US), and marine energy (Scotland, Canada). The advent of the modern prosumer who buys and sells power to a bi-directional grid, virtual power plants, and microgrids are examined as intermittent renewables require new means to manage distributed resources. The social consequences, reliability, and privacy issues of a growing smart grid are examined.

Chapter 11 contains a detailed description of each of the world's most popular analog and digital cellular telephone standards, as well as the most popular digital cordless telephone standards. Treatment includes the first analog mobile telephone standards that were implemented in the United States and Europe, and all of the second-generation (2G) cellphone standards deployed around the world. The most popular digital cordless telephone standards are also presented, as it is useful to see how the concepts taught in all of the earlier chapters of this textbook were implemented in very successful, large-scale commmercial deployments. The evolution of the cellular industry is clearly seen by studying the various standardspresented in this chapter, allowing the reader to understand the design decisions and approaches that are adapted to increase the capacity and reliability of wireless communications. Standards covered in this chapter include AMPS, NAMPS, ETACS, USDC, PDC, GSM,Qualcomm's CDMA IS-95, IS-54, IS-136, DECT, CT2, PACS, PHS, and wireless television.

INTRODUCTIONAn energy transition is underway in Southeast Asia. This process is dependent on an uninterrupted supply of the minerals and metals that are essential to produce low-carbon technologies. These raw materials are termed ‘critical minerals’ (CMs), owing to three broad features: their necessity as inputs in low-carbon technology, the lack of viable substitutes, and significant supply constraints. The demand for CMs such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, rare earth elements (REEs), copper, and silicon3 is expected to increase exponentially in the coming decades. To meet the global net zero target by 2050, mineral inputs will need to increase sixfold by 2040, compared to current levels. According to scenarios developed by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the demand for minerals used in electric vehicles (EVs) will increase thirty times compared to current levels, while mineral requirements for low-carbon energy generation will triple by 2040.

The development of CMs is impeded by several supply constraints. Currently, a handful of countries dominate the CMs market, with China playing an outsized role in both the upstream and downstream parts of the supply chain. For example, China currently extracts 65 per cent and processes 85 per cent of the world's REEs. The largest amount of copper, nickel and cobalt are extracted in Chile, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), respectively. Yet, as shown in Figure 1, China dominates the processing of all three minerals, as well as alumina and lithium.

There is growing academic and policy consensus on the need to develop sustainable and reliable supply chains for CMs, which is of great relevance to Southeast Asia. On the one hand, the region can become a major supplier of critical minerals, due to the existence of substantial deposits of bauxite, nickel, tin, REEs, cobalt, manganese and graphite. On the other hand, Southeast Asia is likely to become a significant consumer of critical minerals, owing to the region’s growing solar photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle industries. Malaysia and Vietnam are the world’s second and third-largest solar PV manufacturers and accounted for one-fifth of global shipments in 2020.9 Thailand has become the region’s leading producer of EVs, while the Philippines and Indonesia have undertaken initial steps to develop integrated battery and EV supply chains.10