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This book is based on the pioneering work of (in chronological order) R. C. James, S. Kwapień, B. Maurey, G. Pisier, D. L. Burkholder and J. Bourgain.
We have done our best to unify and simplify the material. All participants of the Jenaer Seminar ‘Operatorenideale’ contributed their ideas and their patience. Above all, we are indebted to A. Hinrichs who made several significant improvements. From S. Geiss we learnt many results and techniques related to the theory of martingales. Particular gratitude goes to H. Jarchow (Zürich) for various helpful remarks.
For many years, our research on this subject was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, contracts Ko 962/3–1 and Pi 322/1–1.
Finally, we thank CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS for their excellent collaboration in publishing this book. Jena, October 1997 ALBRECHT PIETSCH JÖRG WENZEL
Given a sequence of nonnegative real numbers λ0, λ1, … that sum to 1, we consider a random graph having approximately λin vertices of degree i. In [12] the authors essentially show that if [sum ]i(i−2)λi>0 then the graph a.s. has a giant component, while if [sum ]i(i−2)λi<0 then a.s. all components in the graph are small. In this paper we analyse the size of the giant component in the former case, and the structure of the graph formed by deleting that component. We determine ε, λ′0, λ′1 … such that a.s. the giant component, C, has εn+o(n) vertices, and the structure of the graph remaining after deleting C is basically that of a random graph with n′=n−[mid ]C[mid ] vertices, and with λ′in′ of them of degree i.
Let k be a positive integer and G a finite abelian group of order n, where n[ges ]k2−4k+8. Then every sequence of 2n−¼k2+k−2 elements in G assuming k distinct values has an n-subsequence with sum zero. This settles a conjecture of Bialostocki and Lotspeich.
Stacks which allow elements to be pushed into any of the top r positions and popped from any of the top s positions are studied. An asymptotic formula for the number un of permutations of length n sortable by such a stack is found in the cases r=1 or s=1. This formula is found from the generating function of un. The sortable permutations are characterized if r=1 or s=1 or r=s=2 by a forbidden subsequence condition.
The natural relations for sets are those definable in terms of the emptiness of the subsets corresponding to Boolean combinations of the sets. For pairs of sets, there are just five natural relations of interest, namely, strict inclusion in each direction, disjointness, intersection with the universe being covered, or not. Let N denote {1, 2, …, n} and (N2) denote {(i, j)[mid ]i, j∈N and i<j}. A function μ on (N2) specifies one of these relations for each pair of indices. Then μ is said to be consistent on M⊆N if and only if there exists a collection of sets corresponding to indices in M such that the relations specified by μ hold between each associated pair of the sets. Firstly, it is proved that if μ is consistent on all subsets of N of size three then μ is consistent on N. Secondly, explicit conditions that make μ consistent on a subset of size three are given as generalized transitivity laws. Finally, it is shown that the result concerning binary natural relations can be generalized to r-ary natural relations for arbitrary r[ges ]2.
Let a, b and n be integers with 2[les ]a[les ]b and n[ges ]a+b. Suppose that [Ascr]⊂([n]a) and [Bscr]⊂([n]b) are nontrivial cross-intersecting families. Then [mid ][Ascr][mid ]+[mid ][Bscr][mid ][les ]2+(nb)−2(n−ab)+(n−2ab). This result is best possible.