An adult female great curassow (Crax rubra) and an adult female crested guan (Penelope purpurascens) were examined post-mortem and found to harbour trematode flukes in their pulmonary air sacs and coelom, with severe pathological changes. Seven trematode specimens (four from C. rubra and three from P. purpurascens) were stained with hydrochloric acid–carmine for optical microscopy, while four specimens (two from each bird species) were submitted to molecular analysis. Morphological and molecular analyses identified the specimens as Circumvitellatrema momota. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. momota from different geographical origins constitutes a single species within the subfamily Cyclocoelinae and is clearly distinct from other cyclocoelid genera. This is the first documented case of C. momota infecting members of the Cracidae family. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring parasitic infections in captive and free-ranging cracids under conservation programmes.

Artificial intelligence is increasingly being used in medical practice to complete tasks that were previously completed by the physician, such as visit documentation, treatment plans and discharge summaries. As artificial intelligence becomes a routine part of medical care, physicians increasingly trust and rely on its clinical recommendations. However, there is concern that some physicians, especially those younger and less experienced, will become over-reliant on artificial intelligence. Over-reliance on it may reduce the quality of clinical reasoning and decision-making, negatively impact patient communications and raise the potential for deskilling. As artificial intelligence becomes a routine part of medical treatment, it is imperative that physicians recognise the limitations of artificial intelligence tools. These tools may assist with basic administrative tasks but cannot replace the uniquely human interpersonal and reasoning skills of physicians. The purpose of this feature article is to discuss the risks of physician deskilling based on increasing reliance on artificial intelligence.

This article critically examines the International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) ruling on the preliminary objections in Sudan v. United Arab Emirates, focusing on the implications of the UAE’s reservation to Article IX of the Genocide Convention. It evaluates the Court’s interpretation of the scope and effect of such reservations, contrasting it with precedents set in Bosnia v. Serbia and The Gambia v. Myanmar. Drawing on the ICJ’s jurisprudence, principles of state responsibility, and international criminal law, the article highlights significant tensions and ambiguities in the Court’s approach to admissibility, complicity, and provisional measures. The study incorporates insights from the International Criminal Court and UN Human Rights Council resolutions to contextualise the legal and factual matrix. Ultimately, it argues for a more coherent doctrinal framework to address the impact of reservations on treaty obligations and jurisdictional competence in genocide-related disputes.

This paper is concerned with a duality between $r$-regular permutations and $r$-cycle permutations, and a monotone property due to Bóna-McLennan-White on the probability $p_r(n)$ for a random permutation of $\{1,2,\ldots, n\}$ to have an $r$th root, where $r$ is a prime. For $r=2$, the duality relates permutations with odd cycles to permutations with even cycles. For the general case where $r\geq 2$, we define an $r$-enriched permutation as a permutation with $r$-singular cycles coloured by one of the colours $1, 2, \ldots, r-1 $. In this setup, we discover a bijection between $r$-regular permutations and enriched $r$-cycle permutations, which in turn yields a stronger version of an inequality of Bóna-McLennan-White. This leads to a fully combinatorial understanding of the monotone property, thereby answering their question. When $r$ is a prime power $q^l$, we further show that $p_r(n)$ is monotone. In the case that $n+1 \not\equiv 0 \pmod q$, the equality $p_r(n)=p_r(n+1)$ has been established by Chernoff.

Microscopic epibionts are important components of an intertidal ecosystem. However, because the epibionts are established on habitats provided by basibiont (host) organisms, the epibionts are affected by both the characteristics of basibionts and the ambient environmental conditions. Here, we hypothesised that variations in the epibiont community were affected by the mobility, size, and surface roughness of the basibiont organisms, as well as by environmental conditions, which was tested over a one-month period in spring. Epibionts growing on 16 basibiont species belonging to Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, and Echinoidea were collected from a rocky shore in Niigata, Japan. Most of the epibionts collected were diatoms, and the highest cell density of the epibionts was recorded on the surfaces of the limpet Cellana toreuma. The epibiont community changed significantly from April to May and was also shaped by the characteristics of the basibionts. The results indicated that basibionts with sessile, large, or smooth surfaces had higher taxonomic richness, Simpson diversity, and cell density of the epibionts than those with mobile, small, or rough surfaces. Multivariate analysis of the epibiont community confirmed the importance of these basibiont characteristics and the survey month. Six groups of epibiont communities were identified based on their contrasting sample communities, and each had its own indicator species. The results indicate that both environmental changes from April to May and changes in basibiont species promote changes in the epibiont community in this coastal region.

Spatial studies of British Victorian cities have been historically limited either in scope or specificity due to the unwieldiness of census data. However, over the last decade, the digitization of historical source material has created new possibilities for the exploration of geodemographic patterns. For the case of Manchester, the “shock city” of the British Industrial Revolution, these advancements are especially pertinent in order to settle long-standing debates as to the extent of segregation in the city. This article presents a method for the highly granular georeferencing of census data for the Manchester Township for the second half of the nineteenth century by drawing on historical material, including geographic and commercial surveys. Linking households to specific buildings presents increased possibilities for studies of heterogeneity and neighborhood patterns at a micro-scale. This approach ultimately lays the groundwork for future revisitations of nineteenth-century cities and the traditional claims that have been made around their urban dynamics.

We combine mathematical modeling, population growth data, archaeological survey data, and GIS analysis to project that tens of thousands of archaeological sites will be destroyed by development in Illinois by the year 2100. Climate-driven migration from less hospitable areas of the United States is likely to contribute to the growth and expansion of existing municipalities, converting millions of hectares of natural and agricultural land into urban land. A scenario of 1% annual growth over the next 80 years will impact about 55,000 sites in the state, most of which are undocumented. The damage is likely to be even more severe in other areas of the world as the global trends of population increase and urbanization accelerate the expansion of large urban areas in archaeologically rich regions.

Hyman Minsky stands as one of the most influential economists of the twentieth century. His contributions to macroeconomic theory are primarily situated within the post-Keynesian tradition. This paper provides a concise overview of the fundamental elements of Minsky’s theoretical framework, focusing on his principal insights, the financial instability hypothesis, and its broader implications. Although Minsky developed his theory predominantly during the 1980s, it remained largely overlooked until the emergence of the global financial crisis in 2008. The present study seeks to evaluate the socioeconomic conditions and prevailing perceptions during the intervening period that contributed to the marginalisation and underappreciation of Minsky’s approach and policy recommendations. In so doing, the paper critically analyses several potential explanations for the relative neglect of his theoretical contributions.

Several recent works have explored Wassily Leontief’s distinction between standard econometrics, which he called “indirect statistical inference,” and a “direct induction” he called “direct observation.” These works usually understand Leontief’s direct induction through the lens of input-output analysis. I argue that this is too narrow a perspective. Instead, I show how this distinction stemmed from Leontief’s (1929, 1932a) econometric work, when he developed a statistical technique for determining supply and demand curves. From lesser-known published texts by Leontief from this period, as well as unpublished material from the archives, it appears that Leontief’s distinction was in part borrowed from Jacob Marschak (1931) when they were both in Germany. Like Marschak, Leontief distinguished between two epistemic strategies: indirect, using data from the marketplace, i.e., price-quantity data; or direct, using specific data separately on buyers (e.g., household surveys) and on sellers (e.g., plant surveys). This result fundamentally revises our understanding of Leontief’s view of econometrics.

This paper investigates the causal effects of sovereign debt crises in a sample of 50 defaulting economies between 1870 and 2010. As default is potentially endogenous, we use the narrative approach to identify plausibly exogenous episodes. We find economically and statistically significant costs of up to 3.2 percent of GDP before recovering to the pre-crisis level after five years. The average aftermath, however, conceals a large heterogeneity by default cause. Defaults originating from negative supply shocks, political crises, or adverse terms of trade are associated with higher costs. Demand shocks, in contrast, have a moderate effect that is quickly reversed.

In this note, the author recalls the Calderon–Zygmund theory on the unit ball and derives the weak (1,1) boundedness of the projection for $\mathcal {H}$-harmonic Bergman space.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) levels in goats’ diets on their performance and milk quality. We hypothesize that the inclusion of CNSL in lactating goats’ diets may influence the biohydrogenation process, increasing the levels of CLA (i.e., C18:2-c9 t11 isomer) and its precursors (rumenic acid, C18:1-t11) in goat milk. Eight lactating Saanen goats were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four diets: a control diet with no inclusion of CNSL and diets with the inclusion of 5, 15 and 20 g of CNSL per kg/dry matter. Intake of major nutrients was not different between diets, and no difference was observed in apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients, except that ether extract intake increased linearly (P < 0.001) with CNSL inclusion rate. Milk yield (2.39 kg/day) and milk composition were not affected by the inclusion of CNSL. The milk fatty acids (FAs) C18:1-t9 (P = 0.001) and C18:3-n3 (P = 0.007) presented higher concentrations in milk with CNSL inclusion. The partial sum of omega-3 FA (Σn3), PUFA/SFA ratio and n6:n3 and n3:n6 ratios showed linear responses (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of CNSL. In conclusion, the CNSL affected the milk lipid profile in a way that is favourable to human health. CNSL may be a viable strategy to enhance milk with bioactive FAs.

Unfortunately, P value multiplicity continues to be a pervasive threat to statistical validity in medical research. Performing many hypothesis tests, and treating them each as if they were a single hypothesis, leads to a dramatic increase in the risk of false research claims. This editorial describes a simple method for authors to avoid P value multiplicity while improving clarity of the findings for the reader.

This Research Paper investigates the hypothesis that variations in genes related to immune system function may influence the antioxidant potential of cow milk. The present study analysed the association between genotypes at selected osteopontin (OPN), chemokine receptor type 1 (CXCR1) and L-selectin (SELL) gene loci and the total antioxidant capacity of milk from 519 Polish Holstein–Friesian black-and-white cows. Genotyping at the genomic loci employed the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism method, while the Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity method was used to measure milk TAC. The statistical method involves analysis of variance with Dunnett's post hoc tests. The results of analyses showed that the chosen genotypes as a TT (CXCR1 – c.291C > T), TT (CXCR1 – c. + 365 T > C) and TT (SELL – c.567C > T) combination was significantly associated with higher mean milk antioxidant capacity (P < 0.039). Therefore, analysing polymorphisms in genes related to the bovine immune system appears to be important in the context of selecting animals that produce milk with enhanced functional properties.

The white mullet, Mugil curema (Mugilidae), is a catadromous euryhaline fish with an omnivorous diet, and is distributed mainly along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the Americas. Mullets represent an important economic resource for the artisanal fisheries in Mexico. In this study, 73 individuals of M. curema were analysed; specimens were sampled in 4 coastal lagoons of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, between 2022 and 2024. Parasite identification was accomplished by using DNA sequences. Nineteen parasite taxa were found, including 1 monopisthocotylan, 1 copepod, 1 acanthocephalan, 1 nematode, and 15 trematodes. Specimens were sequenced for a nuclear or mitochondrial molecular marker. Ten taxa are reported for the first time in this host species, including the adult trematodes Saccocoelioides olmecae; Schikhobalotrema sp. 1 and sp. 2, Hemiuridae gen. sp., the larval trematodes Mesostephanus microbursa, M. cubaensis, Cardiocephaloides medioconiger, Saccularina sp., Bucephalus sp., as well as the larval nematode Contracaecum fagerholmi. Of the 21 metazoan parasites recorded, 58% were adults and 42% were larval stages. The checklist of the metazoan parasites of M. curema was updated. Our study contributes to the understanding of the parasite diversity of an economically important fish species with a wide distribution range and corroborates the usefulness of combining morphological and molecular data for species identification and for linking larval forms with adults to complete parasite life cycles. Our results will be useful in further studies of parasites as bioindicators of ecosystem health, and studies of the role of parasites in food webs in coastal lagoons.