El crédito fue una realidad de múltiples caras en la Europa del Antiguo Régimen. Entre sus formas destacó la hipoteca de bienes y rentas a cambio de dinero, una fuente de ingresos seguros para los prestamistas. Este artículo analiza una realidad poco conocida, aunque suficientemente relevante como para motivar la intervención reguladora del Consejo de Castilla durante toda la Edad Moderna: los censos perpetuos. La compra de censos constituyó un sistema crediticio especialmente extendido en las áreas rurales del noroeste de la península ibérica. Su modalidad más gravosa adoptó la forma de contratos perpetuos, eludiendo una normativa que no contemplaba esta variante. Esta situación generó numerosos pleitos ante tribunales locales y regios, así como intensos debates entre los juristas de la época. A través del caso del vino del Ribeiro, se examina la expansión de estas hipotecas perpetuas como instrumento de crédito rural y las contradicciones que acabaron debilitando sus ventajas para los acreedores.

Climate change impacts are expected to be unevenly distributed across locations and population groups. However, to date, evidence on the effects of warming on within-country inequality remains limited. In this paper, we test the relationship between gradual warming (i.e., climate change) and long-run distributional dynamics within countries, using a global panel dataset over the period 1955–2015. We find that warming increases overall income inequality, as well as the concentration of income at the top of the income distribution. We also show that these effects persist over time. We complement our main findings with an exploratory analysis of the relationship between warming and several additional dimensions of inequality, including the concentration of wealth, inequality in the spatial distribution of economic activity within countries, and measures of inequality in life expectancy. Overall, our analysis presents a rich picture of the far-reaching distributional effects of global warming.

Many claim that there is an important relationship between consciousness and welfare. Call this general view phenomenalism. One way of fleshing out phenomenalism is to hold that consciousness is what makes one the type of entity that can be noninstrumentally better or worse off in the first place. Consciousness is at least a necessary condition on welfare subjecthood. A different account holds that even if consciousness is not necessary for welfare subjecthood, conscious welfare subjects have a greater welfare capacity. We argue that the most likely source of support for either version of phenomenalism – hedonism about welfare goods and bads – provides no support at all. Along the way, we discuss an alternative view of welfare subjectivity and welfare capacity that does not appeal to consciousness but only to mentality, a view we call mentalism.

In the Morel-Voevodsky motivic stable homotopy category of a quasi-compact quasi-separated scheme S, several candidates exist for a motivic spectrum representing hermitian K-theory. This note shows that the cellular absolute motivic spectrum constructed in [9] via the geometry of orthogonal and hyperbolic Grassmannians over S coincides with the motivic ring spectrum constructed in [4].

This paper examines the micropolitics of corporate domicile relocation through the case of Tanganyika Concessions, a British company that shifted its headquarters from the United Kingdom to Southern Rhodesia between 1946 and 1952. Drawing on archival sources like the Rio Tinto Collection, the British National Archives, and the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga (UMHK) archives, it reconstructs how internal and external actors shaped the relocation process. A central influence came from an informal network of U.S.-based investors—dubbed the “American Group,” whose capital was actively courted and whose conditions reshaped corporate strategy. The analysis reveals the power dynamics among major shareholders, including Anglo American, Rio Tinto, UMHK, and the Bank of England, showing how competing interests required continual negotiation. The study demonstrates that corporate relocations are politically charged processes embedded in imperial decline and the reconfiguration of postwar global capital.

Following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, the Hamadori region of Fukushima Prefecture experienced severe physician shortages. To address this challenge, three hospitals established postgraduate clinical training programmes aimed at attracting early-career physicians. We reviewed publicly available information on 61 trainees who entered these programmes between 2013 and 2025. Approximately two-thirds graduated from medical schools outside Fukushima Prefecture, indicating successful recruitment from outside the region during the early recovery phase. Over time, the proportion of Fukushima Medical University graduates increased, suggesting a transition from emergency workforce recruitment to locally established training pathways. Among graduates with confirmed practice locations, nearly half remained working in Fukushima Prefecture. These findings suggest that postgraduate clinical training programmes may contribute to physician workforce recovery and long-term healthcare system resilience in disaster-affected, ageing, and depopulating regions.

This article investigates how Li Yuanyang, a Yunnanese scholar of the Ming Dynasty, pursued cultural orthodoxy both for himself and his homeland. Through reconstructing Yunnan’s history, harmonising Buddhism with Confucianism, and showcasing the Chinese values practised in Yunnan, he positions himself as an orthodox Confucian literatus and defines Yunnan as an integral part of Chinese civilisation. Simultaneously, Li exhibits strong regional characteristics, perhaps unconsciously at times. He adopts some Bai-centric accounts, inherits Dali’s pre-Ming Buddhist legacy, and especially extols local moral exemplars, highlighting the cultural refinement of Yunnan individuals. Thus, his identity is double-sided, functioning as both a Chinese and a native scholar.

With the increasing level of wearable technologies, being intertwined with 5G networks, the necessity of high-speed and wideband communication solutions has gained top priority. The ultra-wideband technology presents a possible avenue for fulfilling these requirements. Following this drive, the proposed work establishes an ultra-wideband antenna system that is explicitly developed and validated to be used in 5G wearables. The designed antenna incorporates a dual-element multiple-input and multiple-output antenna featuring a stepped triangular-shaped radiator, evolved from an initial rectangular-shaped geometry. This transformation enables dual resonances at 4.7 and 7.9 GHz, covering a wide spectrum of 4.0–10.2 GHz. Furthermore, the suggested antenna demonstrates a minimum inter-element isolation exceeding 21.2 dB with a peak gain of 3.15 dBi. The multiple-input multiple-output diversity parameters have been investigated and observed to be within the acceptable limits, while the effectiveness for body-worn applications is further evaluated by analyzing its conformal performance and safety compliance, demonstrating average SAR values of 1.12 and 0.89 W/kg for 1g of tissue mass at 4.7 and 7.9 GHz, respectively. Finally, the antenna is fabricated, and its performance is validated through experimental measurements.

This study investigates the effects of continuous atmospheric turbulence on the longitudinal and lateral-directional flight dynamics of a tailless unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) with a lambda wing planform. The absence of vertical tail surfaces reduces inherent stability and introduces strong coupling between flight modes, making disturbance rejection a critical challenge. The UCAV dynamics were linearised using small perturbation theory and represented in state-space form, with turbulence disturbances modelled using the Von Karman spectrum under light, moderate and severe intensities. The dynamic flight modes were evaluated with reference to the MIL-F-8785C flying quality requirements. State feedback and state observer-based controllers were initially designed using pole placement techniques to evaluate the performance of linear systems and gain insight into their flying qualities. A model predictive controller (MPC) was subsequently developed and compared with these controllers to assess their turbulence rejection and attitude tracking capabilities. Simulation results demonstrate that MPC provides superior robustness, effectively rejecting turbulence across all intensities while ensuring accurate pitch and roll attitude tracking. The findings provide new insights into the dynamics and control of tailless UCAVs under realistic turbulence conditions, supporting the viability of such configurations for mission-oriented applications.