The absorption and distribution of radiocarbon-labeled urea at the ultratrace level were investigated with a 14C-AMS biotracer method. The radiopharmaceutical concentrations in the plasma, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, brain, bladder, muscle, testis, and fat of rats after oral administration of 14C urea at ultratrace doses were determined by AMS, and the concentration-time curves in plasma and tissues and pharmacokinetic distribution data were obtained. This study provides an analytical method for the pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution of exogenous urea in rats at ultratrace doses and explores the feasibility of evaluation and long-term tracking of ultratrace doses of drugs with AMS.

In most of the literature on English phonology, historically prefixed words such as contain, respect or submit are seen as having no morphological structure synchronically. However, such words were treated as complex in the early generative literature and are still analysed in that way in part of the literature. In this paper, we seek to review the evidence for the claim that such words are simplex words, which predicts that they should pattern with words with no internal structure in their phonological and morphological behaviours and in psycholinguistic experiments. We show that the evidence does not support that claim and shows that these words should be treated as morphologically complex units, although they differ from words with productive morphology. As these words tend to be partly or entirely opaque semantically, this raises the question of how such structures may be learned. We argue that the recurrence of forms is the main factor leading to their identification and lay out a possible order of acquisition of various morphological structures. Finally, we argue that theories of phonology may account for this by allowing the reference to morphological constituents whose semantics are impoverished.

Multiproxy sedimentary sequence analysis constitutes the basis for reconstructions of past paleoenvironments and climate evolution. These sequences are, for the most part, obtained by coring in lakes, maars or crater lakes whose waters can record volcanic activity or karstic contributions, especially in Eastern Anatolia and the Lesser Caucasus. The reservoir age effect in these geological contexts leads to an apparent aging of the radiocarbon ages which also affects the plants and animals developing in or near these waters and consequently the population consuming them. We present here some results obtained from modern samples taken from Mediterranean, central and eastern Anatolian lakes, from the Van and Sevan lakes and along the Kura River and its tributaries from the Lesser Caucasus. The effect of volcanic CO2 outgassing in the vicinity of maar crater lakes is also discussed.

This paper compares various wood pretreatment methods for highly degraded, and problematic fossil wood extracted from the opencast Szczerców site of the Bełchatów Lignite Mine in Central Poland. The study evaluates the pretreatment methods using both large samples (55–255 g, referred to as series A) and small samples (36–150 mg, referred to as series B). Additionally, all preparation methods were applied to medium-sized samples (approximately 3 g, referred to as series C) with solvent washes in the Soxhlet apparatus. Radiocarbon dating was conducted using the LSC technique (subseries A1) and the AMS technique (subseries A2, series B, and C). The effectiveness and utility of each pretreatment protocol were compared based on 14C measurements and FTIR analysis. Through the conducted research and a multi-criteria analysis, the most effective method for preparing old fossil wood was identified. Our experience indicates that an extended, multistage preparation of highly degraded fossil wood samples, with a 14C concentration near the detection limit of the radiocarbon method, may result in a significant increase in 14C content.

Este trabajo presenta una aproximación comparativa a las lógicas visuales de figurinas, vasijas efigie, sonajeras y colgantes, en su mayoría de cerámica, que proliferaron en el septentrión venezolano a partir de aproximadamente el primer milenio aC hasta la llegada de los europeos al continente americano. Se comparan transversalmente diversas iconografías halladas en el noroccidente del país, la región andina, los llanos, la región norcentral y el bajo Orinoco, partiendo de los elementos compositivos que articulan las figuras. Estas se componen de una base antropomorfa (combinación de tronco, piernas, brazos, cabeza, etcétera), que también puede conjugarse con elementos zoomorfos, los cuales podrían hacer referencia a entidades no-humanas o a procesos de transformación chamánica. Nos enfocaremos en la asociación de algunos elementos compositivos con la denotación sexual de las iconografías. Estas comparaciones nos permiten reconocer persistencias y concomitancias a través de grandes lapsos temporales y distancias geográficas, y contribuir a desmontar algunas preconcepciones que consideramos restrictivas respecto de los significados asociados a manifestaciones visuales femeninas.

This is a response to the engagement of scholars with my argument in my book, Freedom Inc.: Gendered Capitalism in New Indian Literature and Culture. I expand on my argument about the way that the novel form can nuance Orientalist or Eurocentric assumptions about freedom, the links between neoliberalism and Hindu Nationalism, whether a theory of freedom that takes into account the constraining contexts through which agency is produced can ever include rebellion, and the contradictory discourses and contested subjectivities through which agency is constituted.

The literature on freed Africans who returned from Brazil to West Africa in the nineteenth century has emphasized the centrality of Catholicism in Aguda identity, treating Islam as a marginal consideration despite its role in catalyzing the returnee movement. This article argues that Muslims formed an important component of the returnee population throughout the century. Taking as a case history the life of Saliu Salvador Ramos das Neves, a returnee who founded one of Lagos’s oldest mosques, the paper reconstructs his trajectory on both sides of the Atlantic. The analysis begins with the political context of his enslavement, moving on to his life in Bahia, Brazil, where he witnessed an important Muslim uprising, purchased his freedom, and formed a family with whom he emigrated to Lagos in 1857. In Lagos, he acquired land, expanded his family and household, and became an important leader among Muslim returnees. The article’s final section presents evidence that even after returning to Lagos, Saliu Salvador maintained commercial and affective ties to Brazil, as did many other Aguda Muslims. Some of those who engaged in trade were religious leaders, a fact that demonstrates Islam’s importance in the dynamics of the Black Atlantic.

Technology and telemedicine are needed to provide the necessary solutions for public health in rural areas. Lack of stable internet access and digital literacy hinders the effective use of telemedicine. Governments and service providers can work together to extend coverage, increase internet speed in rural areas, and provide training and education to ensure adequate digital literacy.

In this brief note, I provide a concise overview of my book A Hidden Wisdom, and I highlight one aspect of each of the contributions that warrants further exploration.

The increase in biobased material usage requires the methods of verification to investigate the actual content of biocarbon in such materials, including liquid fuels. The determination of biocarbon in liquid samples using 14C required adaptation of existing sample preparation methods. In this study, both accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and liquid scintillation counting (LSC) methods were used to determine the content of 14C in six different liquid fuel blends produced from purely bio-based hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and a 14C-free petrodiesel sample (ON/UF-BC). The results obtained for pure petrodiesel provide background values. The results indicate a good agreement between LSC and AMS, and a linear correlation between the 14C measurement results for blended samples and HVO content affirmed the reproducibility between the two methods. The repeatability of AMS results was tested on 10 aliquots of one of the blends, and the results were deemed reproducible.

In this article, the author explores the cooperative aspects of mound construction in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. Arguing against the outdated but widely held view that only centralized rule could organize monument construction, he investigates how participation in mound construction affected the people of Sør-Fron in south-eastern Norway. He contends, first, that repeated participation in mound construction helped create a sense of belonging and shared identity, which was maintained through centuries of major environmental and political turmoil. Second, mound construction was part of an active and conscious strategy to limit aggrandizement and prevent centralization and concentration of power. Rejection of Christianity arguably worked in similar ways. The author concludes with considerations of approaches to Iron Age monuments, emphasizing the importance of consensus and community-building and the role of communal opposition to centralized rule.