For the launch vehicle attitude control problem, traditional methods can seldom accurately identify the fault types, making the control method lack of pertinence, which largely affects the effect of attitude control. This paper proposes an active fault tolerant control strategy, which mainly includes fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control. In the fault diagnosis part, a small deviation attitude dynamics model of the launch vehicle is established, Kalman filters with different structures are designed to detect and isolate faults through residual changes, and the fault quantity of the actuator is further estimated. In the fault tolerant control part, the following control scheme is adopted according to the above diagnostic information: when the sensor fault is detected, the sensor measurement data is reconstructed; when the actuator fault is identified, the control allocation matrix is reconstructed. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively diagnose sensor fault and actuator faults, and significantly improve attitude tracking accuracy and control adjustment time.

The British antiquary William Gell (1777–1836) is known for his work on ancient Greece and Rome, which he based on a lifetime of Mediterranean travel and two decades of residence in Italy. This article uses a remarkable notebook held at the British School at Rome to explore his unheralded interest in Islamic Spain (al-Andalus), which emerged from his Iberian travels of 1808–11 and took up much of his energy in the early 1830s, the final years of his life. As such, the notebook shows how engagement with other cultures might continue well beyond an initial encounter through travel. It brings together Gell's on-the-spot sketches and descriptions of the Alhambra, his copious later reading on the Emirate of Granada and evidence that he was teaching himself Arabic, offering a case study of early nineteenth-century scholarship that straddles the transition between eighteenth-century antiquarianism and Romantic, Orientalist approaches. The materiality and the contents of Gell's notebook chart the changing ways in which British travellers and writers incorporated al-Andalus into their understandings of Europe and the Mediterranean.

In this article, I argue, adverting to critical practices, that film adaptations are comparable with the comics that serve as their sources. The possibility of comparison presumes the existence of covering values according to which these comparisons are made. I raise four groupings of covering values for comics—narrative, pictorial, historical, and referential—and show how they apply to film adaptations as well, and argue that a fifth kind of value, fidelity, is relevant to comparisons of source comics to film adaptations. I close with a discussion of different types of fidelity that might be brought to bear in evaluation.

Derek Parfit’s view of personal identity raises questions about whether advance decisions refusing life-saving treatment should be honored in cases where a patient loses psychological continuity; it implies that these advance decisions would not be self-determining at all. However, rather than accepting that an unknown metaphysical ‘further fact’ underpins agential unity, one can accept Parfit’s view but offer a different account of what it implies morally. Part II of this article argues that contractual obligations provide a moral basis for honoring advance decisions refusing life-saving and/or life-sustaining medical treatment; advance decisions have similarities to contracts, such as life insurance policies and will-contracts, that come into effect when the psychological discontinuity is through death.

This paper presents a method for measuring whole-body specific absorption rate (WBSAR) of millimeter-wave base stations (BSs) in a reverberation chamber (RC). The absorbed power in the phantom from the equipment under test (EUT) and hence WBSAR is determined as the difference between the total radiated power with and without the phantom. A chamber transfer function is determined and used to include only the absorption in the phantom due to direct illumination from the EUT, i.e., excluding absorption due to the RC multipath reflections. The measurement method was evaluated at 28 GHz using a horn antenna and a commercial massive multi-input–multi-output BS. The experimental results are in good agreement with simulations. The proposed method allows for measurements of WBSAR within 3 minutes, which is much shorter than traditional approaches. The method is suitable for compliance assessments of BS products with the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection 2020 electromagnetic field exposure guidelines, which extend the applicability of WBSAR as basic restrictions up to 300 GHz.

This paper will engage with the early colonial maps of the British East India Company to analyze its representative, as well as creative, functions, delineating how maps represent existing legal relations, entrench hierarchies, and visually transmit projected, and aspired, notions of legal authority and sovereignty. This paper studies the constitutive role of cartography apropos law, territory, and social order, in a specific historical context, by examining the crucial political role played by the British East India Company's cartographic practices and maps in aspiring and imagining the transplantation and establishment of English sovereignty in the Indian subcontinent. This paper will also show how British maps visually entrenched and supplemented unique forms of social hierarchy and marginalization, and legal categories and stratifications, in Indian cities. By analyzing maps, memoirs, cartouches, dedications, ornaments, plans, prospects, and historical manuscripts appertaining to the eighteenth and early nineteenth century operations of the Company, this paper will demonstrate, firstly, that cartography preceded, visually imagined, and set the stage for the coalescence of British sovereignty and the expansion of its law in the Indian subcontinent; secondly, that cartography provided the visual support for social ordering; and thirdly, that maps do not have a singular function. This paper proposes a notion of cartojuridism to capture the myriad ways in which cartography, law, sovereignty, and society intersect and relate with each other.

The BLI (boundary layer ingestion) concept for propulsion seeks to improve the energy efficiency of aircraft propulsion. This is achieved by accelerating low momentum flow ingested from boundary layers and wakes developed over the fuselage through the fan. A major challenge that needs to be overcome to realise the benefits is that the fan needs to work efficiently in distorted flow. Understanding the effects of distortion on the aerodynamic performance and the distortion transfer through the fan is therefore essential to future designs. A BLI fan, designed at reduced scale, is used for analytic modelling and experiments in a rig designed for this purpose. The test rig replicates BLI conditions for a fan installed at the aircraft tail cone. An unsteady model that includes all blades and vanes of the fan, as well as the nacelle and the by-pass duct of the test rig is used for CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations. Test results are used to confirm that the CFD model is representative of the aerodynamics of the fan. The tests are conducted using varying fan operating conditions but also tests with an added distortion screen. Analysis results are then used to investigate the effects of distortion on the fan efficiency, as well as on the overall efficiency. The fan efficiency is found to be moderately decreased depending on the level of and extent of inlet circumferential distortion. In terms of overall energy efficiency, a net improvement over a similar fan in clean inlet flow is found.

This study investigates the genetic and phenotypic aspects of early growth performance in the Murciano-Granadina goat breed, using data collected between 2016 and 2022 from a private dairy farm in Ghale-Ganj city, located in the southern area of Kerman province, Iran. Pedigree and data information were collected on several early body weight traits, including birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), average daily gain (ADG), Kleiber ratio (KR) and growth efficiency from birth to weaning (GE). Nine univariate animal models included direct additive genetic effects and different combinations of maternal effects were compared by using Akaike information criterion (AIC). Among the tested models, the best genetic analysis model for BW, included direct additive, maternal additive, maternal permanent and maternal temporary environmental effects. The best model for ADG, KR and GE included direct additive, maternal permanent and litter effects. For WW, the best model was determined to be one that included direct additive and maternal additive genetic effects. The estimated direct heritabilities were low values of 0.04, 0.07, 0.08, 0.05 and 0.07 for BW, ADG, KR, GE and WW, respectively. The estimates of genetic correlations among the studied traits were positive and low to high in magnitude which ranged from 0.11 for BW-KR to 0.91 for BW-GE. The phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.03 for KR-WW to 0.87 for ADG-KR. The positive correlations observed among the studied growth traits of the Murciano-Granadina goat breed indicate no negative genetic or phenotypic changes associated with selection for these traits.

It is widely known that those in the helping professions are mandated to report suspected incidences of child maltreatment. However, few are aware of the historical resistance to mandated reporting that helping professionals demonstrated before the passing of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) of 1974 and the associated federal mandates that compelled helping professionals to engage in mandated reporting, oftentimes against their will. By analysing historical policy documents through a grounded theory approach, the authors identified three themes that describe the rationale for the passage of CAPTA: (1) identifying national evidence of child abuse; (2) resistance to intrusion of the helping professional-client relationship; and (3) the necessity of immunity waivers for those who reported instances of child abuse and misdemeanor punishment for those who failed to report such instances. In light of conversations around abolishing or reforming child protective services, it is important to understand how the first federal child protective services policy in the United States originated and how these regulations embedded social control into the foundation of the helping professional-client relationship, thus turning helping professionals into unwilling agents of the state. Implications of mandated reporting, including introducing a penal aspect to the helping professional-client relationship, are also explored.

A new species of frog-biting midge in the genus Corethrella Coquillett from Death Valley National Park, California, United States of America, is described, based on a single female. The species belongs to the rotunda species group, which are otherwise known to have hyporheic larvae. The species is placed phylogenetically within the group, and a modified portion of a Nearctic key is presented. The rotunda species group now contains 13 species, three of which are in the Nearctic, and the remaining 10 of which are in the Neotropical region.

We prove the Girth Alternative for finitely generated subgroups of $PL_o(I)$. We also prove that a finitely generated subgroup of Homeo$_{+}(I)$ which is sufficiently rich with hyperbolic-like elements has infinite girth.

This article revisits ear ornament data from Tikal—both material and visual—to better understand the varied roles of ear ornamentation in ancient Maya society over time. The author discusses relevant terms and terminology, then emphasizes the social aspects of ear piercing and stretching as well as the place of ear ornaments in economic exchange. Ear ornamentation was a critical aspect of socialization for ancestral Mayas, but the extent of this practice was classed. Whereas the styles of nonelite ear ornaments were more resistant to change over time, the jade earflares of elites became more standardized in form while growing in complexity. With this standardization, jade earflares achieved a status close to currency, not just to be coveted or collected but also to be displayed on the body to the fullest extent possible. However, like many currencies, jade earflares were more complex than simple tokens of exchange. The symbolic dimensions that gave these objects meaning and economic value were integral to their power.

Molecular motors are machines essential for life since they convert chemical energy into mechanical work. However, the precise mechanism by which nucleotide binding, catalysis, or release of products is coupled to the work performed by the molecular motor is still not entirely clear. This is due, in part, to a lack of understanding of the role of force in the mechanical–structural processes involved in enzyme catalysis. From a mechanical perspective, one promising hypothesis is the Haldane–Pauling hypothesis which considers the idea that part of the enzymatic catalysis is strain-induced. It suggests that enzymes cannot be efficient catalysts if they are fully complementary to the substrates. Instead, they must exert strain on the substrate upon binding, using enzyme-substrate energy interaction (binding energy) to accelerate the reaction rate. A novel idea suggests that during catalysis, significant strain energy is built up, which is then released by a local unfolding/refolding event known as ‘cracking’. Recent evidence has also shown that in catalytic reactions involving conformational changes, part of the heat released results in a center-of-mass acceleration of the enzyme, raising the possibility that the heat released by the reaction itself could affect the enzyme’s integrity. Thus, it has been suggested that this released heat could promote or be linked to the cracking seen in proteins such as adenylate kinase (AK). We propose that the energy released as a consequence of ligand binding/catalysis is associated with the local unfolding/refolding events (cracking), and that this energy is capable of driving the mechanical work.