We present a new way to control the unfolding of definitions in dependent type theory. Traditionally, proof assistants require users to fix whether each definition will or will not be unfolded in the remainder of a development; unfolding definitions is often necessary in order to reason about them, but an excess of unfolding can result in brittle proofs and intractably large proof goals. In our system, definitions are by default not unfolded, but users can selectively unfold them in a local manner. We justify our mechanism by means of elaboration to a core theory with extension types – a connective first introduced in the context of homotopy type theory – and by establishing a normalization theorem for our core calculus. We have implemented controlled unfolding in the proof assistant, inspiring an independent implementation in Agda.

This paper documents a new, unique annual database of global wine markets covering 1835–2023. The database expands enormously the opportunities for conducting studies on national and global wine production, consumption and trade from an historical and comparative perspective for the world as a whole and for most relevant countries. The combination of this basic information with other economic variables such as real GDP, population, total merchandise trade, total crop area, and the consumption of other alcoholic drinks has enabled us to generate myriad derived variables that are helpful for comparative analyses as well as for studying the two waves of globalization.

Given a nonzero integer n, Gupta and Saha [‘Integer solutions of the generalised polynomial Pell equations and their finiteness: the quadratic case’, Canad. Math. Bull., to appear] classified all polynomials $x^2+ax+b\in {\mathbb {Z}}[x]$ for which the polynomial Pell equation $P^2-(x^2+ax+b)Q^2=n$ has solutions ${P,Q\in {\mathbb {Z}}[x]}$ with $Q\neq 0$. We generalise their work to the equation $P^2-(f^2+af+b)Q^2=nR$, where f is a fixed polynomial in ${\mathbb {Z}}[x]$. As an application of our results, we study the equation $P^2-D(f)Q^2=n$, where D is a monic, quartic and non square-free polynomial in ${\mathbb {Z}}[x]$. This extends Theorem 1.4 of Scherr and Thompson [‘Quartic integral polynomial Pell equations’, J. Number Theory 259 (2024), 38–56].

Gaming disorder (GD) is increasingly recognized as a clinically significant condition, yet its implications in first-episode psychosis (FEP) remain largely unexplored. This perspective article focuses on the intersection of GD and FEP, highlighting key diagnostic and treatment challenges, including symptom overlap that complicates differential diagnosis, the absence of validated screening tools, and difficulties in sustained patient engagement. Drawing insights from substance use disorder management in FEP, we propose a preliminary clinical framework for integrating GD assessment and intervention into early intervention in psychosis programs. This approach prioritizes comprehensive evaluation, patient-centered care, and a harm-reduction model that supports digital well-being. Addressing GD inFEP populations is crucial for optimizing functional recovery and promoting a holistic, recovery-oriented approach to psychiatric care. Further research is needed to refine screening tools and validate tailored interventions in this population.

The spatial and temporal distribution of species is influenced by multiple processes operating at various scales. Beta diversity, which describes variation in species composition among sites, helps to understand community assembly mechanisms in spatial dimensions. Taxonomic beta diversity reflects differences in species composition, while functional beta diversity accounts for variations in ecological roles and traits among species. Both provide insights into the processes influencing the patterns of composition of communities. Accordingly, this study explores taxonomic and functional beta diversity patterns in anuran communities across different vegetation types in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil, focusing on two components of variation in species composition: turnover and nestedness. Field surveys were conducted in 16 sites in northern Rio de Janeiro state, covering five vegetation types. Our findings show that species turnover predominantly drives beta diversity, both taxonomically and functionally. Montane and Submontane Ombrophilous Forests contribute significantly to both taxonomic and functional beta diversity by hosting unique assemblages of species, including microendemic taxa and rare functional traits not found in other vegetation types. Nevertheless, other vegetation types also harbour exclusive species and contribute to overall diversity. Rather than focusing solely on conservation recommendations, these findings provide novel insights into how turnover and nestedness contribute differently to taxonomic and functional beta diversity, revealing the distinct ecological processes and habitat characteristics that shape anuran community composition across the Atlantic Forest.

Flower colour is a key trait shaping pollination, reproduction and plant–environment interactions. In arid ecosystems, it may also signal adaptations to heat and (Ultraviolet) UV stress. Tecomella undulata, a threatened keystone tree of the Indian Desert, exhibits striking flower colour polymorphism with yellow, orange and red morphs. This study tested whether artificial intelligence (AI) can reliably classify these morphs, thereby supporting conservation efforts. Field surveys were conducted across natural populations in the Thar Desert. An accessible no-code AI platform (Google Teachable Machine) was used for supervised classification of flower and tree images, with unsupervised clustering applied for validation. The AI classifier achieved high accuracy in distinguishing morphs at both flower and tree scales. Morphs showed consistent separation, with orange functioning as an intermediate form. Despite red morphs being more frequent, the presence of yellow and orange morphs contributes essential functional diversity important for pollinator interactions and reproductive resilience. This study demonstrates that no-code AI provides an effective, scalable approach to documenting intraspecific variation in threatened species. By enabling rapid and reliable identification of flower colour morphs, the approach offers practical applications for ex situ conservation, restoration and morph-aware biodiversity management in T. undulata and other arid-zone trees.