Dysphagia is common in children with CHDs, resulting in multiple stressors for their caregivers including having a child with a serious medical condition and coping with their child’s feeding needs. However, relatively little is known about caregivers’ perceptions and experiences of the burden of care and support needs for their child with a CHD and dysphagia in low-middle income contexts. This qualitative study investigated the burden of care and support needs identified by parents of children with CHDs and dysphagia in a single centre in South Africa. Semi-structured interviews took place in a tertiary hospital with seven mothers of children with CHDs and dysphagia, followed by content analysis. Participants described four main impacts of their child’s condition, which included worry, the burden of caregiving, emotional responses, and acceptance and coping. The participants were well-supported by speech-language therapists and dieticians, but suggestions for additional support included support groups and using mobile messaging apps for communication with peers and professionals. The study has important implications for understanding challenges faced by caregivers of children with complex needs in low-middle income settings and will be useful to inform and improve holistic healthcare practice for families of children with CHDs and dysphagia.

The present paper is concerned with the infimum of the norm of potentials for Sturm–Liouville eigenvalue problems with Dirichlet boundary condition such that the first two eigenvalues are known. The explicit quantity of the infimum is given by the two eigenvalues.

This article explores the remaking of administrative law review in South Africa since the introduction of constitutional democracy in 1994. It characterizes the construction of the constitutional and legislative framework, as well as the courts’ interpretation of that framework, as the first phase of the remaking. The second phase encompasses the courts’ recognition of a constitutional principle of legality based on the rule of law, and their swift development of the content of this principle. This judicial creativity has resulted in an elaborate avenue to review, parallel to the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000, and has caused problems of rivalry and avoidance. The article identifies and discusses some of the more significant implications of each of these phases of reconstruction. It also proposes corrective measures likely to advance the coherence and effectiveness of judicial review and discourage the adoption of a doctrine of non-justiciability.

For a real number $0<\epsilon <1/3$, we show that the anti-canonical volume of an $\epsilon $-klt Fano $3$-fold is at most $3,200/\epsilon ^4$, and the order $O(1/\epsilon ^4)$ is sharp.

The eighteenth century is often thought of as an important era for the secularization of British philosophy. One dimension of this secularization involves philosophers developing theories that, while not explicitly rejecting God, are less reliant on claims about God for their intelligibility and plausibility. A comparison of Adam Smith with his teacher, Francis Hutcheson, reveals an underappreciated facet of this process. Hutcheson portrayed God as an impartial legislator and used this metaphor to clarify contested moral rules in a way that would make little sense if God did not exist. In contrast, Smith's impartial spectator does not require belief in a God who is the author of the moral law in order to determine the correct interpretation of contested moral principles. By pursuing this alternative conception of impartiality, Smith developed a theory that was, in this respect, less reliant on religious premises than Hutcheson's had been.

La qualité des soins apportés aux personnes vivant avec la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) dépend en partie de la capacité des professionnels à déterminer le degré de conscience de la maladie chez les patients. La présente recherche s’est intéressée aux représentations des soignants concernant la conscience des troubles chez les résidents d’établissements de soins de longue durée présentant un diagnostic de MA. Le pouvoir prédicteur de l’anosognosie sur le fardeau soignant a également été examiné. L’anosognosie des troubles de la construction (r = 0,40, p = 0,0164) et de l’initiation (r = 0,32, p = 0,052) était corrélée au fardeau soignant. Les professionnels se représentaient les résidents comme ayant une conscience altérée de leurs capacités, même en l’absence d’anosognosie. Les scores réels d’anosognosie ne prédisaient pas les estimations soignantes, hormis le score global sous forme de tendance (χ2 = 3,38, p = 0,066). Les soignants surestimaient pourtant les performances cognitives des résidents, telles que mesurées au moyen du protocole Misawareness (prédictions aidants/performances réelles : DC = 12,32, p < 0,0001).

As regional chronologies become better defined, we are better able to track large-scale population movements and related cultural change. A dataset of 156 radiocarbon dates from the Middle Cumberland Region (MCR), evaluated with 199 more dates from the Ridge and Valley portions of northern Georgia and East Tennessee, enable modeling of population movements from the Central Mississippi Valley into the MCR, as well as subsequent movements and effects in the Ridge and Valley between AD 1200 and 1450. The dissolution of Cahokia is of particular interest, because the MCR falls geographically between the American Bottom and the Ridge and Valley province. This large-scale chronological perspective places key events in this part of the Southeast and Midwest into a unified historical framework that increases our understanding of the timing of cultural events. A related goal is to sort out possible external events and influences that may have affected this large region. This study makes apparent the relationships between cultural events and natural events, such as the drought sequences reported for the Central Mississippi Valley and beyond.

In recent years US prisons have failed to meet legally required minimum standards of care and protection of incarcerated people. Explanations for the failure to protect prisoners in the United States focus on the effects of the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) and lack of adequate external oversight. However, very little scholarship empirically examines how different systems of accountability for prisoners’ rights work (or do not work) together. In this article, we introduce an accountability framework that helps us examine the prisoners’ rights “accountability environment” in the United States. We then compare two post-PLRA case studies of failure to protect incarcerated women from sexual assault in two different states. We find that the prisoners’ rights accountability environment is a patchwork of legal, bureaucratic, professional, and political systems. The patchwork accountability environment consists of a web of hierarchical and interdependent relationships that constrain or enable accountability. We argue that ultimately the effectiveness of prisoners’ rights accountability environments depends on whether protecting prisoners’ rights aligns with the priorities of dominant political officials. Our argument has implications for efforts to improve prison conditions and incarcerated people’s well-being.

Closed-loop kinematics of a dual-arm robot (DAR) often induces motion conflict. Control formulation is increasingly difficult in face of actuator failures. This article presents a new approach for fault-tolerant control of DARs based on advanced sliding mode control. A comprehensive fractional-order model is proposed taking nonlinear viscous and viscoelastic friction at the joints into account. Using integral fast terminal sliding mode control and fractional calculus, we develop two robust controllers for robots subject to motor faults, parametric uncertainties, and disturbances. Their merits rest with their strong robustness, speedy finite-time convergence, shortened reaching phase, and flexible selection of derivative orders. To avoid the need for full knowledge of faults, robot parameters, and disturbances, two versions of the proposed approach, namely adaptive integral fractional-order fast terminal sliding mode control, are developed. Here, an adaptation mechanism is equipped for estimating a common representative of individual uncertainties. Simulation and experiment are provided along with an extensive comparison with existing approaches. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed control technique. The robot performs well the tasks with better responses (e.g., with settling time reduced by at least 16%).