In this article, we investigate the possibility of generating all the configurations of a subshift in a local way. We propose two definitions of local generation, explore their properties and develop techniques to determine whether a subshift satisfies these definitions. We illustrate the results with several examples.

This article explores the cultivation of medical knowledge via popular health guides among the Finnish lay populace from the 1890s to the 1970s. By using written reminiscences and newspaper articles as source material, the article discusses the relevance, popularity, and practical use of various printed health guides and manuals throughout Finland. We place particular focus on the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century as the period that experienced a high increase in lay education and literacy. By focusing on individual readers and their experiences of popular health guides, the article examines lay medical and health practices as the number of medical manuals dramatically increased from the late nineteenth century onwards. It also investigates the reception of medical, popular and irregular health movements, such as hygienism, nature cure, and Couéist autosuggestion, and the change in medical culture brought about by the appearance of patent medicines. As the information discovered in popular health guides tended to fluctuate between official and irregular medical theory, we analyse the relationship between learned, alternative, and vernacular medicine through the views and opinions expressed by people who engaged with health literature. Through these materials, we provide a novel understanding of the accessibility of medical knowledge, the spread and impact of health guides, and attitudes towards different medical practices among the Finnish reading public.

Every private rural property in Brazil must maintain a percentage of its area with conserved native vegetation, establishing a legal reserve area (LRA). This percentage is defined by the Brazilian Federal Law on Protection of Native Vegetation and is 20–80% of the rural property, depending on the political boundary and vegetation formation. However, the Environmental Code of Mato Grosso stipulates that vegetation type determines the LRA percentage in the state of Mato Grosso, considering both vegetation formation and floristic composition. In addition, the state adopts a coarse-scale vegetation map as a reference, despite the existence of a more accurate official map. In this study, we calculated the impacts of these provisions by combining legal interpretation, spatial analysis and ecological reasoning, in accordance with the scientific concepts of ecology, and intersecting official maps from the State Environmental Agency and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, at the scales of 1:1 000 000 and 1:250 000, respectively. A total of 9 045 065 ha could have their LRA requirement reduced from 80% to 35% under Mato Grosso’s legislation, potentially authorizing deforestation in the Amazon, Cerrado and Pantanal, in apparent contradiction to federal law. These findings highlight that issues related to the concepts, classifications and mapping scales for defining native vegetation have significant implications for biodiversity conservation.

This paper studies the adaptive distributed consensus tracking control framework for hypersonic gliding vehicles (HGVs) flying in tight formation. The system investigated in this paper is non-affine and subjected to multisource disturbances and mismatched uncertainties caused by a dramatically changing environment. Firstly, by refining the primary factors in the three-dimensional cluster dynamics, a non-affine closed-loop control system is summarised. Note that actual control is coupled with states, an additional auxiliary differential equation is developed to introduce additional affine control inputs. Furthermore, by employing the hyperbolic tangent function and disturbance boundary estimator, time-varying multisource disturbances can be handled. Several radial base function neural networks (RBFNNs) are utilised to approximate unknown nonlinearities. Furthermore, a generalised equatorial coordinate system is proposed to convert the longitudinal, lateral and vertical relative distances in the desired formation configuration into first-order consensus tracking error, such as latitude, longitude and height deviations. Analysis based on the Lyapunov function illustrates that variables are globally uniformly bounded, and the output tracking error of followers exponentially converges to a small neighbourhood. Finally, numerical simulations of equilibrium glide and spiral diving manoeuvers are provided to demonstrate the validity and practicability of the proposed approach.

Recent disruptions in technology, geopolitics, and the environment have contested what it means to be human, a source of social and political anxiety about the future. Taking inspiration from African and African diaspora writers and scholars, Lee attends to theories of the human that emerge from contemporary experiences on the African continent. The essay provides a countercanon by centering debates about the human and their attendant attempts to transcend it (more-than-human, posthuman) in African experiences and knowledges. Doing so offers alternative conceptions of human–nonhuman relations that unravel the co-imbrication of colonialism, capitalism, and anti-Black racism that undergird the modern condition.

The Messina-Reggio Calabria Earthquake (1908) was one of the most devastating natural disasters in modern European history. It occurred when overseas mass emigration from southern Italy was at its peak and international borders were open, making emigration a readily available option for relief. We find that the earthquake had no large positive impact on emigration on average. There were, however, heterogeneous responses, with a more positive effect where agricultural day laborers comprised a larger share of the labor force, suggesting that attachment to the land limited an emigration response.

Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) technology operating at mm-wave frequencies is promising for 6G applications. However, this technique faces the challenge of beam splitting, as beams cannot be directed accurately at all frequencies. To enhance system performance and lessen the beam spillting effect, the IRS is developed using phase shifters and time delay modules, as the problem is analyzed in this paper. The results of the simulation revealed that the proposed system, which is based on sub-surface IRS and time delay modules, successfully overcomes the packet splitting challenge effectively. The proposed architecture was 94.5% better in gain compared with the traditional architecture. The results explained a 54% improvement in data rate when time delay is used in the Phase-shift-Time delay-Phase delay (PTDP) system compared to the conventional design. Moreover, the use of 2-bit phase shifting alone in the proposed design was appropriate to realize close to optimal performance due to the system capability to direct power in the desired direction through the use of precoding technology, which compensates for losses resulting from beam splitting.

This paper sets up a small open economy two-agent model and addresses the size of output multiplier of government spending associated with taxation either on constrained households or on unconstrained households. The paper shows that the tax financing rule matters to real resource allocations in the small open economy with flexible prices and equal tax burden at the steady state, contrasting to the finding of Monacelli and Perotti (2011) in closed economies. The output multiplier in open economies is larger than the multiplier in closed economies when taxes are levied on constrained households, while the reverse holds under taxations on unconstrained households.

This study explored whether lifestyle therapy that promoted adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet as a treatment for depression led to environmental co-benefits. Participants (n 75 complete case) were Australian adults in the Curbing Anxiety and Depression using Lifestyle Medicine non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial, which showed that lifestyle therapy was non-inferior to psychotherapy in reducing depressive symptoms, when delivered in group format via video conferencing over an 8-week treatment period. In this secondary analysis, we hypothesised that the lifestyle arm would be superior to the psychotherapy arm in reducing the environmental impact of self-reported diet over time. Dietary intake derived from FFQ at baseline and 8 weeks was transformed into environmental impact scores by calculating global warming potential (GWP)*. GWP* was calculated for total dietary intake and distinct food groups (Australian Dietary Guidelines and NOVA classifications). Within-arm changes in GWP* over time were calculated using the median difference. Neither arm showed significant changes. Between-arm differences in percentage change in GWP* scores over time were analysed using generalised estimating equations models. No between-arm difference for total GWP* score was found (β = 11·06 (–7·04, 29·15)). When examining distinct food groups, results were mixed. These novel findings contribute to the sparse evidence base that has measured the environmental impact of diets in a clinical trial context. Whilst lifestyle therapy that reduced depressive symptoms did not have clear environmental benefits relative to psychotherapy, nutritional counselling that focuses on the environmental impact of food choices may drive more pronounced planetary co-benefits.

The objective of this paper is to devise a set of principles and practices that can break with the temporalities of current pharmaceutical markets, and on this basis sketch a social contract for a new (temporal) political economy of pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical futures are, in my analysis, doubly predetermined by standard arguments around pharmaceutical patenting and pricing: they are narrated as a consequence of “past” investments to be recouped, but they are also predetermined on a particular “future perfect,” where past investment successes and promises to maintain the status quo determine the course of action of future investors. This double colonization of the future, in my analysis, eliminates any scope for meaningful change. Making this often implicit temporality of pharmaceutical markets explicit may allow to better take into account multiple temporalities in regulating this space. Chiefly among them are patients’ temporalities, which typically get overridden by the peculiar timelines of patent-based markets. The mRNA vaccine market serves as an illustration of the theoretical arguments raised, and I discuss four strategies that could lead toward a new temporal political economy of pharmaceutical markets: temporally sensitive policymaking; decolonizing the future through narrower patents; delinking patents from their asset condition; and pharmaceutical commons.

Stone carvings in the context of Ottoman-era Greece play an important role in folklore studies as well as vernacular architecture. They are associated with the history of itinerant stonemasons, their beliefs, as well as the cultural milieu of the building’s owners. However, research rarely contextualises them within the framework of the Ottoman era and the identities of local people who dwelled in these spaces. This contribution first provides an overview of interpretations put forward by scholars in diverse disciplines (folklore, architecture, heritage). It then offers a critical evaluation of these interpretations according to contemporary trends in Ottoman studies, combining methodologies from multiple disciplines, ranging from innovative theoretical concepts to interpretive drawings and photogrammetry. To do so we focus on case studies from the Ottoman-era Bektashi heritage of Konitsa (north-west Greece), including the house of Hussein Sisko, Hamko’s mansion, as well as the gate of Hagios Nikolaos, which incorporates stone carvings from an Ottoman-era mansion in secondary use. We advance an interpretation of stone carvings as narratives reflecting the multiconfessional identities of the liminal Ottoman provinces of the south-west Balkans. Taking as an example the two series of stone carvings from the gates of Hamko’s mansion, we propose that they are best viewed as forms of storytelling, reflecting the identity of the Bektashi owners, as warriors of the faith, while also vaguely expressing the values of the in-house rituals of the same dervish network (tarikat). Furthermore, on the basis of a proposed rearrangement of the stone carvings at the church of Hagios Nikolaos to reflect their original meaning when they were adorning the mansion of Elmaz Bey, we argue for potential multiple and multiconfessional understandings of such carvings, as well as temporal connotations that are easily forgotten, arguments that open new research avenues when placed in the context of the body of literature that argues for the long-lasting survival of meanings.

Monitoring wildlife populations in vast, remote landscapes poses significant challenges for conservation and management, particularly when studying elusive species that range across inaccessible terrain. Traditional survey methods often prove impractical or insufficient in such environments, necessitating innovative technological solutions. This study evaluates the effectiveness of deep learning for automated Bactrian camel detection in drone imagery across the complex desert terrain of the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Using YOLOv8 and a dataset of 1479 high-resolution drone-captured images of Bactrian camels, we developed and validated an automated detection system. Our model demonstrated strong detection performance with high precision and recall values across different environmental conditions. Scale-aware analysis revealed distinct performance patterns between medium- and small-scale detections, informing optimal drone flight parameters. The system maintained consistent processing efficiency across various batch sizes while preserving detection quality. These findings advance conservation monitoring capabilities for Bactrian camels and other wildlife in remote ecosystems, providing wildlife managers with an efficient tool to track population dynamics and inform conservation strategies in expansive, difficult-to-access habitats.