This article traces how and why the ‘competition’ of marriage culminated in the rise of the matrimonial advertisement across early twentieth-century India. It examines how the matrimonial, as a systematized textual schema, became a constitutive component of a reforming marriage market and integral to how the gendered body was imagined within transforming familial norms. The article draws on the extensive scholarship on labour and marriage in colonial Bengal to argue for the development of an ‘All-India’ middle-class marital marketplace as new forms of networking and work emerged. It does this by undertaking a cross-regional comparative analysis of matrimonials between 1915 and 1950 across urban India—alongside memoirs, colonial ethnographies, and periodicals—to extrapolate strategies of status-making and explore how discourses on conjugality ceded into legislative debates around customary law and property. The article begins by considering the placement and composition of matrimonials before delving into how matches were assessed, arguing that they expressed shifting marital norms, conjugal capital, and caste consolidation which led to the commodification of an expansive marital marketplace. It then examines debates around monetary marriage exchanges (like dowry) as a form of capital accumulation, disentangling how requests were articulated within the matrimonial advertisement through the complex textual grammars of signalling wealth.

The viscosity (η) of a geofluid dictates its roles within the Earth, such as migration in subduction zones and volcanism. High pressures and temperatures at depth influence visocity (η). The falling sphere method is effective to measure viscosity at high-pressures for geofluids that form solids at ambient temperature. A typically metallic sphere is placed atop a solid sample, which is then compressed to high-pressure and later melted by heating. This method is more challenging for geofluids that do not form solids at ambient temperature. A diamond-anvil-cell (DAC) is often used to contain such geofluids, but requires a small sample chamber and that the sphere either falls parallel to the diamond culet faces or rolls along one face. This geometry produces complicated drag effects on a sphere fall and additional frictional forces for a roll. The sphere may also adhere to chamber surfaces, preventing its fall/roll. To circumvent these issues, in this study, we quantify the viscosity of a geofluid (H2O) at pressures <2.5 GPa using the Brownian motions of suspended particles in DAC. Previous high-pressure efforts used particles of polystyrene, which are unstable at ≥300°C, or silica, but only at ambient temperatures. Such temperatures are relatively low for hydrothermal to supercritical geofluids. We tested quartz particles (∼1–2 µm diameter) with heating, as quartz does not significantly dissolve/melt until ≥600°C. Although three times denser than water, the particles remained suspended and displayed Brownian motions for long timescales at temperatures ≤200°C. The measured viscosities are relatively high due to drag from the culets and particle–particle interactions. Regardless, our measured pressure-effect on viscosity shows excellent agreement with the standard reference for water. After correcting for the drag, the η are very low (< 2 mPa s) highlighting that H2O-rich geofluids should be highly mobile at depth.

This study examines the relationship between microfinance and poverty alleviation, considering the moderating effect of both digital and traditional financial knowledge, as well as of social capital. The data sample comprises survey responses from 500 clients of conventional and Islamic microfinance institutions in Bhakkar, one of Pakistan’s most dynamic microfinance districts. The empirical results, obtained via structural equation modeling, show that digital financial knowledge positively moderates the relationship between microfinance effectiveness and poverty alleviation. A similar result is found for the moderating role of social capital when traditional financial knowledge is included in the model. However, this is not the case when digital financial knowledge is included in the model. These findings emphasize the importance of promoting both financial literacy and digital skills to maximize the positive impact of microfinance on poverty reduction.

The last decade has witnessed a significant increase in academic and journalistic interest in the United States Supreme Court’s “shadow docket.” Yet despite this increased interest, there exists no systematic database of the shadow docket. This paper summarizes the Supreme Court Shadow Docket Database, which we created by parsing the Journal of the Supreme Court from the 1993 through 2024 terms into individual orders. We categorize these orders into a set of usable categories, including cert denials, injunctions, summary reversals, mandamus petitions, and grant, vacate, and remands. We illustrate some potential uses of the data by examining several interesting trends in the Court’s use of the shadow docket over time.

As a contribution to the American Political Science Review (APSR)’s retrospective data publication initiative, I have published the data and code associated with my article, Political Cleavages within Industry: Firm-level Lobbying for Trade Liberalization (Kim 2017), in the APSR Dataverse (Kim 2025). These materials were not peer reviewed prior to the publication of the original article.

This article discusses the modalities of visual necropolitics in the context of Russia’s war on Ukraine. Drawing on the concepts of necropolitics (Mbembe 2003), visual necropolitics (Deprez 2023), and insights into everyday forms of violence and subjugation, this article argues that the necropolitics of Russia’s war on Ukraine manifests itself in the form of physical but also social death. Relying on the method of visual semiotic analysis, it identifies two key modalities of visual necropolitics: manipulation of representations and a forceful imposition of a new identity. In doing so, it contributes to the literatures on necropolitics of war and the lived experiences of peoples and communities living under occupation.

Drawing on the New Economics of Labour Migration and debt overhang theories, this study investigates the joint impact of remittances and external debt on CO2 emissions in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka from 1991 to 2023. Using balanced panel data and multi-stage estimation techniques—including pooled OLS, Driscoll–Kraay standard errors and Feasible GLS—the study finds that remittance inflows consistently reduce emissions, likely by enabling cleaner household investments. In contrast, both external debt stock and debt servicing increase emissions, suggesting that debt burdens may crowd out environmentally friendly public spending. Notably, the interaction between debt stock and servicing shows a mitigating effect, while heavy debt servicing diminishes the environmental benefits of remittances. Additionally, urbanization and financial development contribute to higher emissions. These findings highlight the need for integrated policies that direct remittances towards green investments and incorporate environmental conditions into debt-servicing frameworks, helping South Asian countries pursue more sustainable development paths.

This paper presents a circularly polarized (CP) antenna employing both uniform and non-uniform metasurfaces to achieve wideband characteristics. The proposed antenna consists of a dual-feed CP antenna as the source element, a 4$\times$4 metasurface lattice as the superstrate, and a sequential feed network. Initially, the performance of the antenna is analyzed using a uniform metasurface. Subsequently, by adjusting the size of the inner unit cells, the uniform metasurface is transformed into a non-uniform configuration. The proposed design with a uniform metasurface achieves a $-$10 dB impedance bandwidth ranging from 5.21 to 6.47 GHz (21.57%) and a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth from 3.96 to 6.67 GHz (50.9%). The use of a non-uniform metasurface significantly improves the overall antenna performance, achieving a $-$10 dB impedance bandwidth and 3-dB AR bandwidth of 4.98 to 7.45 GHz (40%) and 2 to 7.26 GHz (113%), respectively. The optimized design with a non-uniform metasurface is fabricated and tested. Overall size of the antenna is 40$\times$40$\times$3.4 mm$^3$ (0.72$\times$0.72$\times$0.062 $\lambda_{0}^3$), where $\lambda_{0}$ represents effective wavelength at an operating frequency of 5.5 GHz. The simulated and measured results of the proposed antenna are found to be in good agreement.

This article examines three refugee-established markets in Delhi, Gaffar Market in Karol Bagh after Partition, Majnu ka Tilla following the arrival of Tibetan exiles in the 1960s, and Little Kabul in Lajpat Nagar shaped by Afghan migration from the 1980s, to explore how displaced communities created forms of urban belonging through commerce. These markets did not grow from state-led rehabilitation policies alone, but from tolerated encroachments, kin-based credit, remembered trade routes, and the tactical use of temporary documents to claim legibility while existing on the margins of the state. Drawing on archival materials, including zoning reports, eviction files, newspaper reports, and planning memos, the article develops the idea of the bazaar as archive: a site where histories of displacement are bureaucratically inscribed through economic activity. It argues that these markets reflect distinct refugee modes of urbanism, which generate varied forms of vernacular cosmopolitanism, a public openness shaped not by law or multicultural planning, but by shared consumption, proximity, and economic trust. These commercial geographies reveal how post-colonial cities absorbed displacement not only through formal schemes but also through the everyday logics of trade and neighbourhood familiarity. Additionally, in the absence of legal recognition, refugees have left their marks through cultural and economic means.

This article explores the condition of Indian indentured women labourers on the colonial plantations of Fiji and Natal (now in South Africa) in order to understand the complexities of life in a radically different society and production regime. Opposed to the sources used by scholars to document the women under indenture, such as colonial documents, official reports, and writings of reporters, which have limitations of objective portrayal, this article uses the labourers’ petitions, depositions, and letters written largely in Indian languages either by women or men, individually or collectively, to different authorities. This is a source that has rarely been used hitherto to understand the plantation regime in terms of gender violence, sexuality, and patriarchy. Through a close reading of these letters and petitions and an examination of the conditions of their production and their reception by the colonial authorities, the article argues that plantations, as a radically different space, became a site of the violent struggle between women’s agency and Indian patriarchy in the process of reproduction of cultural selves away from the ‘home’. It further argues that by facilitating both women’s agency and male control, rather than taking an outright side, the colonial state created a space where both freedom and oppression coexisted, often leading to violent outcomes.