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This article examines the cosmology of John Milton’s “Paradise Lost” in the context of the shift from a bright to a dark universe in the European cosmological imagination. While other comparable transformations—from geocentrism to heliocentrism, or a bounded to an unbounded universe—have been extensively studied, the turn from bright to dark space remains almost entirely neglected. Drawing on textual and visual evidence from antiquity to the present day, this article provides the first sustained exploration of the subject as well as a novel reading of Milton’s cosmology and the challenges it presents to the contemporary reader.
This analysis focuses on a young female portrait enclosed within an eight-pointed frame, located in the upper zone of a wall fragment discovered among a substantial assemblage of painted plaster within the fill of the torcularium of the Domus del Larario in the Municipium Augusta Bilbilis. The wall to which this fragment originally belonged likely formed part of a cubiculum within the same domus. The portrait is dated to the last quarter of the 1st c. BCE, making it the earliest known example of its kind to date. This study examines the potential significance of the portrait within one of the most prominent domus of the site, as well as its role in the broader figurative program of the wall it once adorned. In the middle zone of the composition, a couple is portrayed in a highly schematic manner. Together with the young female – likely their daughter – this may represent one of the earliest Roman depictions of a family group in a non-funerary context.
This paper presents the results of accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dating performed on archaeological samples (human bone, wood charcoal, and other charred plant macro-remains) from six sites located in the Lesser Poland Upland (southern Poland). We report 41 14C age measurements performed on discoveries made during the contract excavations carried out during the S7 roadway construction from 2016–2022. The resulting ages fall into a long interval, which, in terms of the regional archaeological periodization, lasts from the Late Neolithic to the Late Antiquity/Early Medieval Period (ca. 4600 BC–600 AD), and in terms of the climatological periodization corresponds to the Atlantic, Subboreal, and Subatlantic.