It has been shown that the Mere Addition Paradox occurs in a choice-functional approach with Path Independence (Stewart R.T., 2021, Path independence and a persistent paradox of population ethics, Journal of Philosophy, forthcoming). The present study is a three-part response to this finding. First, I show that Path Independence is not an essential property leading to this paradox and that logically weaker properties can get the same result. Second, I present a rationalizable choice function that does not yield the paradox. And third, I argue that menu-dependent relations are nicely examined if Path Independence is relaxed to Property $\alpha $ (or equivalently, Contraction Consistency).

There is an ongoing debate over the moral limits of the market. Many participants endorse the plausible idea that a market’s moral status depends, at least in part, on its consequences. For example, Satz holds that markets whose operation undermines citizens’ ability to interact as equals are bad. And Brennan and Jaworski maintain that markets trading in any good or service permissibly possessed may be arranged to operate without bad consequences. This plausible normative claim about markets depends on a descriptive one. Namely, that individual markets have descriptive properties which would provide a suitable basis for their consequentialist evaluation. This descriptive claim, I argue, is false. Markets’ consequences are a joint production. There is no principled means by which the consequences of one may be distinguished from those of another. Thus, the plausible idea is false. A market’s moral status cannot depend on its consequences.

Verrill's modern Mussismilia (the ‘brain corals’) were described in the 19th century, being hitherto considered endemic reef-building species to Brazil. Contrasting with the original diagnoses, highly variable morphological patterns have been observed among the congeners. Interspecific overlapping of major taxonomical characters has resulted in quite inconclusive use of the skeleton macromorphology for the genus. Intending to corroborate the Mussismilia taxonomy, a comparative morphological approach was developed, combining skeleton macro- and micromorphology. A total of 132 colonies was collected between 13°S and 17°S latitude (Mussismilia hispida = 53, Mussismilia harttii = 41, and Mussismilia braziliensis = 38). Qualitative (n = 9) and quantitative characters (n = 7) were selected (the latter was analysed with Kruskal–Wallis and a principal component analysis). A non-parametric test was adopted due to heteroscedasticity and the irregular sampling among populations. As a result, the corallite diameter and number of septa were significantly distinct among the species (α = 0.05). Micromorphology also differs interspecifically, being distribution and size of septal spines diagnostic for the congeners. Intraspecific variation and morphs are approached, ensuring the relevance of the skeleton for the interspecific delimitation and the species identities. Finally, field identification and/or methods based on image analyses from video transects should be adopted with caution. These practices may provide unreliable data, once the information is restricted to the view of the colony top, resulting in biased identification – majorly if the morphotypes of M. harttii and M. hispida share closely spaced corallites.

We investigated the hypotheses that broilers and pigs have distinct starch digestion capacities and that different cereals could trigger diet–species interactions. Ten replicates of two broilers (14 d old) or one pig (50 d old) each were distributed into a 3 × 2 randomised factorial design with three pelleted diets (maize, barley or oat-based) and the two species. Nutritional composition was equal for both species. Diets were fed for 10 d, and then the pancreas and organs from the stomach region and small intestine were collected with contents. It was observed that both species were similarly efficient at digesting starch but differed in some digestive aspects. Broilers had higher ileal digestibility coefficients (P < 0·001) of DM (0·69) and crude protein (0·75) than pigs (0·66 and 0·67), presented a higher volume of particles < 0·1 mm in duodenal digesta (P < 0·001) and had a lower gizzard pH (3·68) than pig stomach (4·48; P < 0·05). Conversely, pigs had lower ileal viscosity (1·44 v. 2·77 cP; P < 0·05) and higher pancreatic lipase activity (27 v. 5·9 U/g of pancreas; P < 0·05) compared with broilers. In the jejunum, oat led to higher starch digestibility (0·96; P < 0·05) than maize and barley regardless of species. In the ileum, starch digestibility was higher for broilers fed oats (0·99) than broilers fed barley (0·94; P < 0·05), establishing that oats provided, in general, a superior starch availability. The results imply that starch utilisation capacity is more related to its dietary source than to the species to which it is fed.

Under what conditions are people more likely to support judicial invalidation of legislative acts? We theorize that constitutional recency confers greater democratic legitimacy on constitutional provisions, reducing concerns that judges may use dated language to impose their own will on a living majority. Exploiting differences among US state constitutions, we show in a pre-registered vignette experiment and conjoint analysis that Americans are more supportive of judicial review and original intent interpretation when presented with a younger constitutional provision or constitution. These results imply that Americans might alter their approach to the US Constitution if it were changed as easily and as often as a typical state constitution.

In the present study species of the genus Byblis Boeck, 1871, found in India are discussed. Previously, two species of the genus Byblis: B. daleyi (Giles, 1890b) and B. lepta (Giles, 1890a) were recorded from India. The taxonomy and world distribution of the two previously reported species is discussed in the study. Additionally, a new species Byblis kachchhensis sp. nov. is also described based on the specimens collected from Gujarat state, India. This new species is differentiated from its closely related species B. calisto Imbach, 1967 by having large eyes placed very close to each other and entire telson.

In this paper we consider positional games where the winning sets are edge sets of tree-universal graphs. Specifically, we show that in the unbiased Maker-Breaker game on the edges of the complete graph $K_n$, Maker has a strategy to claim a graph which contains copies of all spanning trees with maximum degree at most $cn/\log (n)$, for a suitable constant $c$ and $n$ being large enough. We also prove an analogous result for Waiter-Client games. Both of our results show that the building player can play at least as good as suggested by the random graph intuition. Moreover, they improve on a special case of earlier results by Johannsen, Krivelevich, and Samotij as well as Han and Yang for Maker-Breaker games.

The aim of this study was to analyse the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the renal inpatient nutrition screening tool (Renal iNUT) for haemodialysis patients. The Renal iNUT and the malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST) were used in adult haemodialysis patients at two different centres to identify malnutrition. The subjective global assessment (SGA), regarded as the gold standard for nutritional status assessment, was utilised for comparison. Structural validity was assessed using biochemical values and anthropometric measurements, while reliability was assessed using repeated the Renal iNUT assessment. Of the 260 patients admitted, 42·3 % were malnourished (SGA score was B or C). According to the Renal iNUT, 59·6 % of the patients were at increased risk for malnutrition (score ≥ 1) and 3·8 % required referral to a dietitian (score ≥ 2). According to the MUST, 13·1 % of the patients were at increased risk for malnutrition and 8·5 % required referral to a dietitian. The Renal iNUT was found to be more sensitive in detecting increased risk of malnutrition in haemodialysis patients compared with the MUST (59·6 % v. 13·1 %). According to the SGA, the sensitivity of the Renal iNUT is higher compared to the MUST (89 % and 45 %, respectively). Kappa-assessed reliability of the Renal iNUT was 0·48 (95 % CI, 0·58, 0·9) and a moderate concordance was observed. The Renal iNUT is a valid and reliable nutritional screening tool for evaluating haemodialysis patients to determine their nutritional status. The use of the Renal iNUT by dietitians will contribute to the identification of malnutrition and its treatment.

Previous research has found that individuals harboring hostile sexist attitudes are more likely to support the use of political violence. In this study, we examine this relationship further. We theorize that the impact of hostile sexism on support for political violence is mediated through two mutually reinforcing factors: social dominance orientation and political illiberalism. We test this argument using an original survey we administered to over 1,400 subjects in the United States. We employ two operationalizations of individuals’ support for political violence: support in the abstract and support for specific acts of political violence. We find that individuals who exhibit hostile sexism are substantially more likely to support political violence, both abstract and specific. Moreover, we find that both social dominance orientation and political illiberalism together mediate 64.9% of the effect of hostile sexism on support for political violence in the abstract and 80.5% of the effect on support for specific acts of political violence. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings.

Digital multimodal composing (DMC) has been valued as an engaging pedagogy in language teaching and learning in recent decades. Although research on DMC is flourishing and evidences its benefits for students' development as second language (L2) users and writers, there are some missing links between research findings and classroom practices. In this article, we examine three kinds of relationships between research and practice with regard to DMC: areas in which research findings have not been well applied, areas in which research findings have been reasonably well applied, and areas in which research findings have been usefully applied. As recent research–practice frameworks in education research emphasize a collaborative relationship between researchers and practitioners, we argue that L2 writing researchers' and teacher educators' reflections and experiences are crucial to facilitate the dialogue between DMC research and practice in writing contexts. We suggest that DMC should be incorporated into L2 teacher education programs so that instructors are equipped with the necessary knowledge and competence to design, implement, and assess students' DMC productions.

When considering the implications of the shareholder-stakeholder debate in defining the purpose of a company, epistemological clarity is vital in this emerging theory of the firm. Such clarity can prevent recurrence based solely on rephrasing key terms. To understand how various stakeholders develop and interpret a shared purpose, I argue for the necessity of a pragmatist approach that is normative and process-oriented. Mental models play a crucial role in interpretive processes that define decision-making, where individual perspectives converge. The figures of Milton Friedman and Ed Freeman serve as “beacons,” as artefacts, in the transmission of knowledge through which we, as individuals, shape a shared understanding. In current societies, profound polarization obstructs solutions to grand challenges. Pragmatism starts by questioning the underlying values of everyone involved. It assumes that sound deliberative processes are the only way to reach real solutions—not only for the mind but, above all, for the heart.

Arctic human settlements experience formidable challenges from accelerating climate change and environmental transformations. While these towns have demonstrated adaptive resilience, the looming threat of local climate extremes raises concerns about the results of adaptation and mitigation efforts. With the further development of Arctic settlements, it is necessary to consider changes in local climatic conditions, shifting the adaptation focus from regional to local scales. The local climate perspective in this literature synthesis study is built upon constraints from physical climatology, focused on the climate and environment within and around the town of Longyearbyen, Svalbard. The study provides insights into Longyearbyen’s local climate dynamics, including physical mechanisms, climate localisation, factors and trends, as well as their implications. Three model pathways for development are discussed, centred on (1) industrial development, (2) public services, and (3) tourism and conservation. This categorisation is introduced to distinguish development scenario sensitivity to the local climate effects. The synthesis indicates that any development concentrated spatially will amplify local warming and climate change, as positive climate feedback predominate. The study emphasises the need for a comprehensive understanding of the environmental factors sustaining local climatic anomalies.