Most psychiatric disorders in adulthood originate in childhood or adolescence. Hence, managing mental health in children and adolescents is crucial. This clinical reflection aims to capture some of the contemporary and emerging trends in teaching and training in child and adolescent psychiatry worldwide. Future directions for child and adolescent psychiatry training programmes are also highlighted.

Theories of bounded rationality join process reliabilists in holding that rationality is ecological, or environment-relative. Most theories of ecological rationality, like most versions of reliabilism, have been externalist. In this paper, I develop a de-externalized account of ecological rationality. I show how the account retains many advantages of externalist accounts while avoiding key challenges. I conclude with an application to the psychology of poverty, focusing on the rationality of agents caught in poverty traps.

Efficient global localization of mobile robots in symmetrical indoor environments remains a formidable challenge, given the inherent complexities arising from uniform structures and a dearth of distinctive features. This review paper conducts an in-depth investigation into the nuances of global localization strategies, focusing on symmetrical environments, such as extended corridors, symmetrical rooms, tunnels, and industrial warehouses. The study comprehensively reviews and categorizes key techniques employed in this context, encompassing probabilistic-based approaches, learning-based approaches, Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)-based approaches, and optimization-based approaches. The primary goal is to provide a contemporary and thorough literature review, offering insights into existing global localization solutions, followed by extant methods tailored for symmetrical indoor spaces. Also, the paper addresses practical challenges associated with implementing various global localization techniques, contributing to a holistic understanding of their real-world applicability. Comparative experimental results demonstrate that hybrid approaches achieve superior localization accuracy in symmetrical environments compared to any single method alone. These experiments, conducted in indoor settings with different symmetry levels, highlight the hybrid approach’s robustness and precision in resolving symmetry-induced ambiguities. This work signifies a significant step forward in mobile robot global localization, which addresses symmetrical environments’ complexities by leveraging the strengths of hybrid methodologies.

This study explored the effects of different preparations of Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) on the gut microbiota and jejunal transcriptome of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 100 one-day-old broilers were divided into five groups, including control group (Control), LPS injection (LPS), gavage of AKK broth culture plus LPS injection (AKK), gavage of viable AKK suspension plus LPS injection (Active) and gavage of heat-inactivated AKK suspension plus LPS injection (Inactive). Growth performance results showed that LPS significantly reduced the body weight of broilers. Alpha diversity showed no significant group differences. At the phylum level, Firmicutes was significantly lower in groups with AKK gavage. At the genus level, Bacteroides was relatively more abundant, whereas Streptococcus was numerically less abundant in AKK-treated groups. The Active group had the highest abundance of Akkermansia. Transcriptome analysis revealed the Inactive group had significantly lower Occludin. Combined KEGG and GO analyses revealed that the LPS challenge suppressed innate immunity by downregulating the Retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptor signaling pathway. In response, different interventions distinctly modulated the transcriptome. The AKK group counteracted this suppression by upregulating innate immune and antiviral defense responses. The Active group primarily influenced metabolism, downregulating pathways for drug and glutathione metabolism and xenobiotic responses while upregulating retinol metabolism. In addition, the Inactive group demonstrated an upregulation of ribosome biogenesis, and energy metabolism, suggesting a restoration of core cellular functions. In summary, all gavaged AKK preparations maintained broiler gut microbiome stability, while AKK broth culture demonstrated superior efficacy in alleviating LPS-induced jejunal stress.

There is today a growing variety of types of memory mediations that often go further than memorialisation and heritage-building. Comics are undoubtedly part of this movement as their verbal-visual storytelling form tends to prompt layered responses from reader-viewers. Reader-viewers find themselves surprised, moved, and transformed by that reading experience. In this article, we take as a case study a comic page laying out the impact of agriculture’s industrial organisation in France shared by Les Soulèvements de la Terre (The Earth Uprisings) and its sister organisation, the Bassines Non Merci collective. It is a good example to address our central questions of how multimodal languages such as this one-page comic facilitate the process of transformative learning and how such multimodal forms allow one to move from memory-making, crystallising a specific event, to an amplification of engagement that leads to collective action. In short, it allows us to study the specific mechanisms and affordances that multimodal modes of communication, such as comics, possess as tools for transformative learning. In the first section of the article, we investigate the different types of relational engagement that can lead to transformative learning in comics. The second section focusses more specifically on emotions and their role in transformative learning. Finally, we look at the specific comics mechanisms that support transformative learning. Specifically, we look at how comics create a disjunction, give meaning to that disjunction, and help reader-viewers practise real or imaginary resolution that impact identity formation.

As people increasingly interact with large language models (LLMs), a critical question emerges: do humans process language differently when communicating with an LLM versus another human? While there is good evidence that people adapt comprehension based on their expectations toward their interlocutor in human–human interaction, human–computer interaction research suggests the adaptation to machines is often suspended until expectation violation occurs. We conducted two event-related potential experiments examining Chinese sentence comprehension, measuring neural responses to semantic and syntactic anomalies attributed to an LLM or a human. Experiment 1 revealed reduced N400 but larger P600 responses to semantic anomalies in LLM-attributed text than human-attributed one, suggesting participants anticipated semantic errors yet required increased composition/integration efforts. Experiment 2 showed enhanced P600 responses to LLM-attributed than human-attributed syntactic anomalies, reflecting greater reanalysis or integration difficulty in the former than in the latter. Notably, neural responses to LLM-attributed semantic anomalies (but not syntactic anomalies) were further modulated by participants’ belief about humanlike knowledge in LLMs, with a larger N400 and a smaller P600 in participants with stronger belief of humanlike knowledge in LLMs. These findings provide the first neurocognitive evidence that people develop mental models of LLM capabilities and adapt neural processing accordingly, offering theoretical insights aligned with multidisciplinary frameworks and practical implications for designing effective human–AI communication systems.