Political violence is widespread in potential but uneven in expression. I propose a two-level integrative framework that helps explain the capacity for and expression of political violence, derived from the broadening interdisciplinary behavioral science research on violence. The first level of this framework centers on species-typical psychological mechanisms (common across humans) that regulate coalitional dynamics such as moralization, identity categorization, and collection action for violence. The second level focuses on individual-level catalysts: person-specific variable traits that predispose some individuals to cross the threshold into violent action. While each perspective is supported by extensive research across the social sciences, political science has yet to synthesize them explicitly into a single coherent model. Integrating these two levels offers a comprehensive foundation for analyzing a broad spectrum of political violence, at once both reconciling and moving beyond fruitless nature-vs-nurture type stalemates to help explain both the ubiquity and variability of an ancient vice.

I reply to three critical discussions of my book, Transparency and Reflection (Oxford, 2024). The replies discuss the basic structure of my “reflectivist” account of self-knowledge, the bearing of my account on the distinction between rational and nonrational minds, the question of how to respond to Hume’s challenge to our entitlement to attribute our thoughts to a single self, the relation between awareness of ourselves as conscious subjects and knowledge of our existence as embodied objects, and the relation of my views on self-awareness to the views of Immanuel Kant.

We employ an appropriate change of measure technique to offer a general result connecting a general form of the Gerber–Shiu function with the distribution of the deficit at ruin under the new (exponentially tilted) measure. Exploiting this result, we extract closed-form formulae for special forms of the Gerber–Shiu function assuming two cases of bivariate distributions that describe the dependence structure between claim sizes and inter-claim times. More specifically, initially, we employ the Downton–Moran bivariate exponential distribution, and we offer explicit formulae for cases of the Gerber–Shiu functions that include the time and the number of claims until ruin. In addition, we derive a closed formula for the defective discounted joint density of the number of claims until ruin, the deficit at ruin, and the time until ruin. The same is achieved for the joint density of the number of claims and the deficit at ruin. We further generalize these results by assuming that the inter-claim times and the claim sizes follow a Kibble–Moran bivariate Erlang distribution. Finally, we offer numerical examples in order to illustrate our main results.

The question of how digital health is regulated has become increasingly important within debates on technology, inequality and global health. While digital health is frequently celebrated for its capacity to expand access, build resilient systems and advance equity, scholars have raised critical concerns about its role in reproducing asymmetries of power. The potential for reproducing rather than curbing inequality is particularly relevant for the Global South. This Special Issue of the International Journal of Law in Context interrogates the ways in which digital health infrastructures, regulatory frameworks and transnational data flows are constitutive of coloniality and neoliberal capitalism. Bringing together socio-legal, feminist and decolonial perspectives, the contributions examine regulation as a terrain in which vulnerabilities, exclusions and structural inequalities are reinforced. Against the celebratory rhetoric of innovation, this collection situates regulation as a key site for understanding the entanglement of digital health with broader histories of coloniality and capitalism.

This article analyses the representation of Spanish history in the operas ‘Fernand Cortez’ (1809) and ‘Pélage’ (1814), along with their ambivalent political uses and economic dynamics at the Paris Opéra during the transition from the First Empire to the Bourbon Restoration. It seeks to complement historiographical interpretations that often view these operas primarily as vehicles of Napoleonic or Bourbon propaganda, by examining the artistic careers of their authors – especially the composer Gaspare Spontini (1774–1851) and librettist Etienne de Jouy (1764–1846). A closer look at their personal and professional paths reveals a multi-layered space of symbolic conflict, shaped by disputes over reputation and competition for positions within the Parisian musical milieu. Drawing on archival and press sources, this paper studies the interplay between official political agendas and individual ambitions, considering how the self-serving staging of Spanish medieval and imperial history was incorporated into French narratives of power.

Nutrition plays a pivotal role in cancer survivorship, influencing not only long-term health outcomes but also quality of life and risk of recurrence. As advances in early detection and treatment have led to a growing global population of cancer survivors, attention has increasingly shifted from acute care to the promotion of sustained well-being and prevention of secondary health challenges. Despite growing evidence linking dietary patterns, body composition and metabolic health with survivorship outcomes, there remains significant variability in nutritional guidance, access to evidence-based interventions and integration of nutrition into oncology care. This review explores the current state of knowledge on nutrition in cancer survivorship, highlights key challenges faced by healthcare systems and patients and presents a new proposed model of care to optimise nutrition within survivorship care, bridging the evidence-practice gap.

The root parasitic weed branched broomrape [Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel] spends most of its life cycle underground, complicating early detection and control. A predictive model based on growing degree days (GDD) can improve management by anticipating key developmental stages. This study aimed to characterize P. ramosa phenology and develop a thermal time model to inform more effective control strategies. Two greenhouse experiments using rhizotrons were conducted over 2 yr (2021 to 2022), along with a complementary pot experiment in 2022 at Davis, CA. The P. ramosa development was classified into four phenological stages: attachment, elongation, emergence, and full flowering. We recorded the thermal timing (GDD accumulation from transplanting) and number of individuals at each phenological stage and modeled the development dynamics using an inverse Weibull function. Of the 255 P. ramosa attachments recorded across two rhizotron runs, 87% advanced to elongation, 63% reached emergence, and only 49% successfully developed to full flowering. Model estimates indicated that 5% of attachments occurred at 299 GDD and 95% by 730 GDD, marking a critical control window. After the initial attachment, on average, it took about 85 GDD for an attachment to initiate the elongation process, and 385 and 815 GDD to reach 5% and 95% elongation, respectively. Emergence followed, with 5% to 95% occurring from 520 to 1,100 GDD. Full flowering occurred roughly 181 GDD after emergence, spanning 700 (5%) to 1,280 (95%) GDD after transplanting. Model validation using data from related field experiments conducted in 2022 and 2023 in a P. ramosa–infested tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) field in Yolo County, CA, confirmed the model’s accuracy in predicting full flowering with root mean-square error (RMSE) of 142 GDD. This thermal time model offers a valuable decision support tool to optimize the timing of P. ramosa management, particularly in-season soil-applied herbicide programs, in tomato cropping systems.

The estimation of voting blocs is an important statistical inquiry in political science. However, the scope of these analyses is usually restricted to roll call data where individual votes are directly observed. Here, we examine a Bayesian mixture model with Dirichlet-multinomial components to infer voting blocs within longitudinal referendum data. This model infers voting bloc mixture within municipalities using state-level data aggregated at the municipal level. As a case study, we analyze the vote totals of Maine referendum questions balloted from 2008 to 2019 for 423 municipalities. Using a birth–death Markov chain Monte Carlo approach to inference, we recover the posterior distribution on the number of voting blocs, the support for each question within each bloc, and the blocs’ mixture within each municipality. We find that these voting blocs are structured by geography and largely consistent across the study period. The model finds that blocs exhibit both spatial gradients and discontinuities in their structure. Examining the statistical fit of the model, we uncover a small number of questions that show inconsistency with the statewide bloc structure and note that the content of these questions relates to specific regions. We conclude with possible statistical extensions, connections to other statistical frameworks in political science, and detail possible locations for model applications.

Urban tourism has expanded dramatically in recent decades, reshaping European cities economically, socially and culturally. Yet its roots run much deeper, as (early) modern urban centres – especially in the Low Countries – developed distinctive traditions of tourism and place promotion. This special issue highlights how civic boosterism, marketing innovations and inter-urban competition shaped these early practices. Bringing together new research on Belgium and the Netherlands, the special issue uncovers the actors, tools and narratives that fashioned urban tourism long before the late twentieth-century boom. Collectively, the contributions rethink the genealogy of urban tourism by analysing its ‘orgware’, ‘hardware’ and ‘software’ from the late eighteenth to twentieth centuries.

Scholars typically assume that congressional party leaders whip their members and influence their voting behavior, but little evidence convincingly separates the effects of party leaders from the selection of members into parties. I find that a switch from a relatively moderate to a relatively extreme party leader causes rank-and-file members to cast more extreme roll-call votes (and vice versa). I further find that party leaders even influence the members who did not support their leadership bid, and rank-and-file members are less likely to cast partisan votes when there is no party leader. This study also sheds light on a historically anomalous period of Republican moderation, and it helps to explain the increase in congressional polarization over the past 50 years.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, whether this is a causal relation and how ADHD may predispose to a higher risk of CVD needs to be determined. We aimed to assess the causal association between ADHD and both coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF), and to quantify the mediating effects of potential modifiable mediators. We conducted a two-step, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study using SNPs as genetic instruments for exposure and potential mediators. Leveraging summary data on the latest genomewide association studies for ADHD, proposed mediators (i.e., metabolic factors, inflammatory factors, lifestyle behaviors, psychiatric disorders, and educational attainment), CAD and HF, we decomposed the total effect of ADHD on each outcome into direct and indirect effects through multiple mediators. Genetically predicted ADHD was associated with increased odds of CAD (OR 1.13; 95% CI [1.07, 1.19]), with educational attainment (EA) being the largest contributor (32.27% mediation, 95% CI [18.33%, 56.93%]). Body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes (T2D), EA, smoking initiation (SI), and depression jointly explained 83.59% (95% CI [63.95%, 101.49%]) of the association. Genetically predicted ADHD was associated with increased odds of HF (OR 1.11; 95% CI [1.05, 1.19]), with SI being the largest contributor (35.87% mediation, 95% CI [13.75%, 100.14%]). BMI, T2D, and SI jointly explained 82.39% (95% CI [45.90%, 131.60%]) of the association. The findings support a causal relationship between ADHD and both CAD and HF. Several modifiable risk factors substantially mediate these associations, suggesting potential targets for interventions aimed at reducing CVD risk in individuals with ADHD.

In January 1972, Egypt’s university campuses were shut down by a wave of student protest, after President Anwar Sadat appeared to be abandoning plans for a military response to the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. The uprising, culminating in hundreds of arrests, marked the first significant mobilization against Sadat’s new regime and drew widespread public sympathy. Drawing on life history interviews, memoirs, press archives, lawyers’ records, and student publications, this article examines how solidarity with the Palestinian cause shaped the political formation of the Egyptian student movement and catalyzed its emergence. It argues that the students engaged in profoundly affective solidarity practices with Palestine, first in affirmation of longstanding Egyptian nationalist frameworks of opposition to Zionism, and further in contestation of wider political relations under Sadat. Whilst transnational solidarity features prominently in global histories of decolonization, it has rarely been used to interrogate Egyptian popular politics in the 1970s. By foregrounding Egyptians’ evolving affective solidarities with Palestine, this article challenges dominant narratives around the decline of Arab nationalism after 1967 and the rise of Islamism in its place. In doing so, the article reveals the complex dynamics of Egyptian-Palestinian relations over time, within a broader landscape of Arab and global anticolonial struggles.

Household food insecurity has previously been associated with psychological distress, and subsequently, poorer diet quality. Further understanding of this relationship is required to improve nutritional outcomes, with food-related concerns suggested as one potential mechanism. Therefore, the current pre-registered (https://osf.io/zd3ak) study conducted cross-sectional secondary analyses of Wave 6 (October 2022–January 2023) of the Food and You 2 survey administered in adults aged 16 years and over across England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (N = 2315), to explore the differential prevalence of food-related concerns in people experiencing food insecurity. Exploratory analyses also identified characteristics of food support users (food bank or social supermarket; N = 467) and quantified associations between food support use and the same food-related concerns. People experiencing marginal (OR = 1.43, p = 0.02) and low food security (OR = 1.51, p = 0.02) (relative to high food security) were significantly more concerned about food prices, but this association was not seen in people experiencing very low food security. Both food bank and social supermarket use were predicted by very low food security (food bank OR = 6.05, p < 0.001; social supermarket OR = 2.40, p = 0.02) and having a long-term health condition (food bank OR = 3.91, p = 0.00; social supermarket OR = 3.17, p = 0.00). Food bank users were less concerned about healthy eating (OR = 0.33, p = 0.00) whereas social supermarket users were less concerned about food prices (relative to non-users) (OR = 0.40, p = 0.01). Food-related concerns, particularly regarding food prices, are differentially associated with food security status and food support use. Findings could support specific interventions to promote better diet quality and improve health and wellbeing in populations experiencing food insecurity.

Public support is crucial for the success of policy interventions that aim to change behaviour. While communicating evidence of policy effectiveness can increase support, it remains unclear which type of evidence is most effective. Statistical evidence is often seen as objective and persuasive, yet personal anecdotes can strongly influence beliefs. We examined how statistical and anecdotal evidence affect policy perceptions. In three online experiments with representative UK samples (N = 908), we showed participants different types of evidence (statistical, anecdotal, or both) that argued for or against six policies, such as meat taxes (climate change), banning e-cigarettes (public health), and 20 mph speed limits (community safety). We measured policy support and perceived effectiveness before and after exposure and explored participants’ reasoning through open-text responses. Results showed that positive statistical and anecdotal evidence did not significantly increase perceived policy effectiveness or support, even when combined. However, negative anecdotes significantly reduced both, though this effect was sometimes mitigated when paired with statistical evidence. Qualitative results found that participants have broader concerns beyond policy effectiveness, such as fairness. Our findings suggest that communicating evidence on policy effectiveness alone may not increase support, as it does not address broader public concerns.

Revolutionary-era state constitutions reflected an unsettling tension in the history of American liberty. This article captures how revolutionary-era Americans accommodated moral liberty with religious establishment. Their notions of liberty were paradoxical, but it is possible to track their moral reasoning.

In Bangladesh’s southwest delta, climate adaptation unfolds less through mass migration or master plans than through everyday routes. In August 2023, 40 young people from 5 flood-prone villages mapped 120 geotagged journeys to water points, schools, clinics, markets, and cyclone shelters. Their stories reveal “routes of care” patterns of movement that sustain families and keep communities rooted under pressure. Three practices recur: staying, where repair and mutual support enable life in place; leaving and looping back, where seasonal departures strengthen ties through return; and protection, where circuits of water, health, and education provide survival. These everyday mobilities challenge the binary of migration versus immobility and explain why national strategies such as Tidal River Management and the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 succeed only when aligned with lived routes. Four design principles emerge: map real paths first, value staying as care, support looped mobility, and integrate water, health, and schooling.