In two studies with 1,275 participants, we examine how values are associated with wine cues and how these associations shape selection across private and professional contexts. Building on signaling theory and identity economics, we propose a utility framework in which choice utility is a context-dependent function of alignment with the private self (personal values), the professional self (role values), and anticipated reputational returns to identity signaling. Signal interpretability depends on a shared code in which observable cues carry similar meanings for senders and receivers. Drawing on Schwartz's value theory, we find evidence that participants systematically attribute distinct values to three observable cues—bottle appearance, short narratives, and tasting notes. Our findings show that in private settings, individuals favor wines linked to self-transcendence and openness to change, whereas in professional settings they prefer wines associated with self-enhancement and conservation. These cross-context patterns suggest that observing wine choice provides a novel tool for researchers to indirectly assess both personal and work-related values. In this respect, our approach relates to revealed preference theory, which infers individual preferences from observed choices.

With population aging, the establishment of universal long-term care insurance (LTCI) has emerged as a critical policy issue. This paper examines the effects of China’s LTCI pilots on the physical accessibility of home and community-based services (HCBS) and specific services for older adults. Using three-wave panel data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), we analyze the rollout of LTCI pilots across different cities from 2014 to 2021, employing a time-varying difference-in-differences (DID) approach. Our findings indicate that LTCI significantly improves access to HCBS for older adults, particularly in personal daily care. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that LTCI has a stronger positive effect on the accessibility of HCBS for older adults with physical impairment, lower financial transfers from children, or living alone or with a spouse only, and the positive effect is more salient in regions with higher reimbursement for HCBS and more generous coverage. This study provides compelling evidence regarding the pivotal role of institutional design of LTCI in shaping older adults’ care-seeking behavior and system-level resource allocation. It offers nuanced insights into the evaluation of differentiated pilot programs across cities, which can inform the development of a uniform national LTCI policy and carry implications for other developing countries.

To understand the challenges of climate change in a specific setting, it is essential to examine the social, cultural, environmental, economic and other national contexts. This paper provides an overview of Bhutan, highlighting the current climate change trends and their potential impacts on both the environment and society. Special attention is given to the impending implications for Bhutan’s education system, particularly how changing climatic conditions may affect learners’ well-being, learning and education. Additionally, the paper discusses the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH) — the national development philosophy of Bhutan — and how climate change may challenge this aspiration while also presenting opportunities to advance sustainability. Finally, the prospects for further exploration and the role school communities may have in climate actions are underlined.

The pandemic crisis introduced an unprecedented supply-side shock that was global in scope. Despite historically high levels of prior sovereign debt and low bond yields, macroeconomic policy responses included monetised fiscal expansions of extraordinary magnitude. Conventional theory suggests that the combination of supply contractions with such expansions is inflationary, yet central bank discourse during the pandemic expressed little concern about inflation. Our theoretical analysis suggests the presence of strong inflation forces at the time, likely offset by continuing pessimism shocks, consumption constraints and expectations management. In prominent advanced countries over more than a century, monetised fiscal expansions are shown to have preceded inflation surges, most strongly following signature episodes like WWII.

Childhood trauma is a well-established risk factor for the onset and persistence of psychotic symptoms. Consequently, trauma-focused interventions (TFIs) are increasingly incorporated into psychosis treatment, though their effectiveness in reducing hallucinations and delusions remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of TFIs on psychosis-related outcomes in individuals with psychotic disorders or subclinical symptoms. Thirty-six studies (N = 1,384) were included, with 18 (N = 806) contributing to meta-analyses. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using AXIS, Cochrane RoB2, and GRADE. Pre–post analyses showed small reductions in hallucinations (g = −0.37; adjusted g = −0.28; K = 15) and medium reductions in delusions (g = −0.55; K = 14), with younger participants benefiting more. In controlled trials, TFIs did not significantly reduce hallucinations at the end of treatment or follow-up (g = −0.12 and −0.01; both K = 7), whereas delusions showed significant reductions at both time points (g = −0.44 and g = −0.48; both K = 7). No significant effect on negative symptoms was observed at the end of trial (g = −0.02; K = 6), though a small improvement appeared at follow-up (g = −0.26; K = 6). TFIs produced small but significant reductions in PTSD symptoms at both time points (K = 6). No consistent effects were found for secondary outcomes: depression (K = 7), anxiety (K = 5), or quality of life (K = 3), though functioning improved at follow-up (K = 6). TFIs appear particularly effective in reducing delusions, but show limited benefit for hallucinations and other secondary outcomes. Further work is needed to design and test symptom-specific psychological interventions for distinct psychotic experiences.

We construct semiorthogonal decompositions of Donaldson–Thomas (DT) categories for reduced curve classes on local surfaces into products of quasi-BPS categories and Pandharipande–Thomas (PT) categories, giving a categorical analogue of the numerical DT/PT correspondence for Calabi–Yau 3-folds. The main ingredient is a categorical wall-crossing formula for DT/PT quivers (which appear as Ext quivers in the DT/PT wall-crossing) proved in our previous paper. We also study quasi-BPS categories of points on local surfaces and propose conjectural computations of their K-theory analogous to formulas already known for the three-dimensional affine space.

Improving herbicide efficacy under drought stress is essential for improving weed management and limiting the associated challenges. Leaf water content (LWC), a vital ecophysiological trait, can be used to indicate drought stress and improve herbicide efficacy. To investigate how water stress–induced changes in LWC affect glyphosate efficacy across diverse weed types, the broadleaf weed Santa Maria feverfew (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) and the narrow-leaf giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) were selected. A controlled greenhouse study was conducted with two treatment factors including three moisture levels (well watered at 100% WHC, moderate drought at 75% WHC, and severe drought at 50% WHC) and glyphosate doses (0, 180, 360, 540, 720, and 900 g ae ha⁻¹). Drought stress significantly reduced LWC and stomatal conductance in both species; while the reduction in LWC was more pronounced in P. hysterophorus (26%) than in S. faberi (23%), the reduction in stomatal conductance was severe and similar for both species (82% and 83%, respectively). Severe drought stress drastically reduced shikimic acid concentration (41% to 59%) in both species. Severe drought stress significantly reduced glyphosate efficacy, suppressing mortality by up to 63% and biomass reduction up to 58%. Shikimic acid concentration and weed mortality both showed a strong positive correlation with change in LWC under all tested water-stress levels. Glyphosate applications when LWC falls below 70% resulted in poor weed control at recommended field rates. Therefore, LWC can be used as a real-time predictive biomarker to monitor drought stress, schedule irrigation before glyphosate application, optimize the dose, and ultimately improve its efficacy.

With major US scientific institutions supporting a program of solar geoengineering research, the UK’s ARIA agency actively pursuing open air experimentation, and the EU in the process of clarifying its position, the question of how such research should be governed has been given new urgency. This paper argues that innovation in the structures and procedures of existing institutions for the oversight of scientific research is highly desirable, to promote the level of legitimacy, procedural justice, and recognition to which recent major proposed research governance frameworks aspire. First, we argue that SRM research is importantly dissimilar from climate research, but bears more similarity to other high-risk research areas, implying the need for special institutional arrangements. Second, we identify the special challenges of legitimacy–particularly its procedural justice component–with respect to the potential global, intergenerational and cross-community scope of legitimation requirements. Third, we argue that achieving legitimacy and procedural justice in the context of SRM research governance must include considerations of justice as recognition. Finally, we consider the institutional implications of legitimate and recognition-inclusive SRM research institutions.

Systematic reviews are often characterized as being inherently replicable, but several studies have challenged this claim. The objective of the study was to investigate the variation in results following independent replication of literature searches and meta-analyses of systematic reviews. We included 10 systematic reviews of the effects of health interventions published in November 2020. Two information specialists repeated the original database search strategies. Two experienced review authors screened full-text articles, extracted data, and calculated the results for the first reported meta-analysis. All replicators were initially blinded to the results of the original review. A meta-analysis was considered not ‘fully replicable’ if the original and replicated summary estimate or confidence interval width differed by more than 10%, and meaningfully different if there was a difference in the direction or statistical significance. The difference between the number of records retrieved by the original reviewers and the information specialists exceeded 10% in 25/43 (58%) searches for the first replicator and 21/43 (49%) searches for the second. Eight meta-analyses (80%, 95% CI: 49–96) were initially classified as not fully replicable. After screening and data discrepancies were addressed, the number of meta-analyses classified as not fully replicable decreased to five (50%, 95% CI: 24–76). Differences were classified as meaningful in one blinded replication (10%, 95% CI: 1–40) and none of the unblinded replications (0%, 95% CI: 0–28). The results of systematic review processes were not always consistent when their reported methods were repeated. However, these inconsistencies seldom affected summary estimates from meta-analyses in a meaningful way.

This special issue analyses how formal independence from colonial rule has impacted institutions and epistemologies of history writing in different parts of the world after 1945. The integrated collection of articles focuses on the transitions and ruptures of knowledge production taking place in the wake of states gaining their formal independence. It explores how different types of decolonisation led to different engagements with history writing, and by doing so we provide fresh perspectives on processes of knowledge decolonisation. In this introduction we situate the special issue in two bodies of literature: firstly, decolonial and postcolonial debates about history and epistemology, and secondly, the literature on the decolonisation process with a specific focus on memory and commemoration. We argue that a fuller understanding of the similarities and differences between knowledge decolonisation then and now requires solid historical contextualisation of the mid-century ideas and vocabularies.

Weed pressure threatens lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) yields, with metribuzin offering control but risking crop injury. This study used hydroponics to screen metribuzin tolerance in lentils, determining the lethal dose causing 50% mortality (LD50) for lentil cultivar ‘CDC Greenstar’ and profiling metabolites in three genotypes, ‘VIR421’ (susceptible), CDC Greenstar (tolerant), and ‘NZ2022’ (medium tolerant), via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). CDC Greenstar plants in a hydroponic deep-water culture system were exposed to metribuzin doses (0.17, 0.25, 0.51, and 2.05 g ai ha⁻1, plus a control) selected based on preliminary trials that identified the effective range for LD50 estimation in hydroponics, where herbicide bioavailability is higher than in soil due to direct root exposure and absence of soil adsorption. These doses are substantially lower than the recommended field application rate of 205 g ha⁻1 as a preemergence treatment for lentils to account for the amplified effects in hydroponics for 24 h, with biomass reductions assessed over 21 d. The LD50 was 0.4407 g ha⁻1 (R2 = 0.94), with dose strongly reducing shoot/root growth (r = −0.92 to −0.99). Untargeted LC-MS identified seven metabolites in CDC Greenstar and VIR421, including desamino-metribuzin (DA) and conjugates, while targeted LC-MS tracked metribuzin, DA, and desamino-diketo-metribuzin (DADK) over 12 d. VIR421 had higher metribuzin levels (105.70 ng g−1 at dry weight at 12 h) compared with CDC Greenstar and NZ2022, which rapidly metabolized metribuzin to DA (58 and 50.41 ng g−1 dry weight at 2 d), with NZ2022 showing further metabolism by 4 d. DA dominated 59- to 167-fold over DADK, suggesting a primary detoxification pathway. Hydroponics enabled precise tolerance screening, revealing genotype-specific metabolism critical for breeding metribuzin-tolerant lentils and thus enhancing weed management strategies.

Given the increasing importance of real-world evidence (RWE) in health technology assessment (HTA) decision-making, we aimed to assess RWE use in Canadian HTA and collect stakeholder insights on when RWE generation should be prioritized in HTA.

We found that RWE was included in one-third of Canadian Drug Agency–L’Agence des médicaments du Canada (CDA-AMC) reimbursement reviews (2017–2022). To further understand drivers of RWE generation for reimbursement, consultations were held with stakeholders (pharmaceutical industry representatives, payers, and patient advocates) to obtain insights in Canada and other global markets. Stakeholders highlighted the value of RWE to complement randomized controlled trials (RCT) data, as well as the need to consider feasibility and multiple stakeholder perspectives.

Our findings indicate there is a need to further support the practical implementation of RWE in policy decision-making. A framework providing guidance on when to prioritize RWE studies for reimbursement would provide value and could be tailored by region.