Ten percent of hospitalized patients have documented penicillin allergies, over 90% of which are mislabeled and lead to the use of less-preferred alternative antibiotics. The results of this single-center review provide an outlook at successes and opportunities for improvement with the use of an amoxicillin oral challenge for allergy de-labeling.

On planet Earth, the inner part of cave systems represents an extreme and isolated environment, characterized by relatively stable microclimatic conditions, nutrient limitation and protection from external stressors such as radiation, wind and surface weathering. These features make them suitable analogues to Martian cave systems, which are identified as high-priority targets for astrobiological investigations. Microbial communities inhabiting Earth’s caves exhibit extremotolerant or extremophilic traits, offering valuable insights into potential microbial survival strategies on Mars. This mini-review explores the role of cave microbiomes as models for studying habitability, biosignature preservation and microbial adaptations relevant to Martian subsurface environments. We summarize recent findings on cave microbial diversity and their metabolic strategies, highlighting their implications for astrobiology. Additionally, we discuss how caves can function as biological time capsules, preserving biosignatures and microbial life relevant to future planetary exploration. We conclude that terrestrial caves offer key ecological and mineralogical analogs to Martian subsurface environments, and that microbial strategies observed in cave ecosystems such as chemolithotrophy, endolithic colonization and biofilm formation should be prioritized in designing future Mars life-detection missions.

Gaming disorder (GD) is increasingly recognized as a clinically significant condition, yet its implications in first-episode psychosis (FEP) remain largely unexplored. This perspective article focuses on the intersection of GD and FEP, highlighting key diagnostic and treatment challenges, including symptom overlap that complicates differential diagnosis, the absence of validated screening tools, and difficulties in sustained patient engagement. Drawing insights from substance use disorder management in FEP, we propose a preliminary clinical framework for integrating GD assessment and intervention into early intervention in psychosis programs. This approach prioritizes comprehensive evaluation, patient-centered care, and a harm-reduction model that supports digital well-being. Addressing GD inFEP populations is crucial for optimizing functional recovery and promoting a holistic, recovery-oriented approach to psychiatric care. Further research is needed to refine screening tools and validate tailored interventions in this population.

This article focuses on how Peruvian elites mobilized representations of masculinities as part of discourses on national progress and as essential elements in their assertions of hierarchy. By addressing intellectual elites’ discourses in two cultural magazines, El Perú Ilustrado and Variedades, and various literary works during the 1884–1912 period, the article presents three arguments. First, elites’ diagnosis of the country’s backwardness emphasized Peruvian men’s deficient masculinity, which included the elites’ own white creole masculinity. Thus, intellectual elites placed great importance on catching up with European “masculine” traits as pathways to progress and modernization. Second, discourses on masculinity were central elements by which elites asserted their legitimacy. Elites mobilized discourses on masculinity selectively—either as self-restraint or as physical prowess—to reinforce their hierarchical status vis-à-vis subaltern men. Third, intergenerational conflicts between the elites’ younger and older cohorts also transpired in terms of masculinity. Each generation depicted the other as embodying abject effeminacy. As a whole, by incorporating the analytical lens of masculinity, the article provides new insights into the construction of elites’ identities and of long-standing hierarchies in Latin America.

We examine the implications of tokenization for the transformation of things into financial assets. Framed as the ‘democratization’ of financial investment by its advocates, tokenization is a process whereby asset ownership is fractionalized and represented by a digital token to be sold to potential investors on blockchain-based platforms. Tokenization can be seen as an extension of securitization to illiquid real-world assets or digital assets; as such, tokenization is often framed as a technique to isolate risks, reduce financing costs, and generate returns without selling the underlying assets. For example, real estate security tokens offer fractionalized ownership to smaller investors through digital means lowering entry barriers, though such investors still typically lack exposure to diversified real estate token portfolios. Through an analytical and empirical investigation, we argue the governance claims made about tokenization obscure a key contradiction: tokenization is touted as a way to democratize financial markets, but the necessary adaptation of tokenization to prevailing financial market infrastructures undermines this democratization promise. Engaging with this contradiction, we unpack the governance of financial markets and assets through the techno-financial transformation of things into digital tokens, focusing on the promise of tokenization to democratize finance.

In 2022, the Ontario Ministry of Health recommended preoperative nasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine body wash for Staphylococcus aureus decolonization. This 2025 cross-sectional study of 61 Ontario hospitals showed heterogeneity in decolonization protocols prior to hip and knee arthroplasty. Only 6.6% of hospitals indicated both recommended measures, highlighting an evidence-practice gap.

Mental health literacy (MHL) encompasses both cognitive and cultural dimensions. Low MHL sustains stigma by reinforcing misconceptions, social distancing and discrimination, discouraging help-seeking and adherence to treatment. In education, MHL extends beyond knowledge to empathy, emotional intelligence and inclusivity. Integrating MHL into psychiatry training enhances competence and compassion, cultivating openness toward mental illness. Promoting diversity and inclusion is not only a moral imperative but also vital for effective psychiatric education. Embedding MHL across learning environments fosters understanding, reduces stigma and strengthens psychiatry’s connection to the human experience in all its emotional and cultural depth.

Ideal Contractualism views principles of justice as corresponding to what rational, mutually disinterested persons would collectively choose behind a veil of ignorance. It is well-known that Ideal Contractualism faces profound challenges in accounting for justice between generations. We present a unified solution to these problems that involves rejecting the assumption that the parties conceive of their choices as causally efficacious and assumes instead that the parties choose in light of the news value of their decision. And we explore what concrete principles would be chosen by the parties as governing intergenerational justice against the backdrop of this assumption.

In “Parental Love and Filial Equality,” Giacomo Floris and Riccardo Spotorno offer an explanation for why parents should treat their children as equals. The authors argue that this moral obligation is grounded in parents’ duty to love their children in an attitudinal, though not necessarily emotional, sense. This duty, they contend, requires them to disregard variations in their children’s status-conferring properties, as long as those properties meet a minimum threshold. This article argues that this account of filial equal treatment has serious shortcomings. In its place, it proposes a more outcome-oriented or consequentialist account.

Populist presidents often mobilize popular support for their institutional reforms by claiming to promote a democracy that is genuinely responsive to the majority. However, most of the time, they are doing the exact opposite—undermining democracy. Voters, then, should decide whether to support the incumbent’s undemocratic behavior and reforms. In this article, I argue that voters will embrace the gradual subversion of democracy when they approve of the executive’s performance in office, particularly when the populist president is a prominent and influential figure. I test this argument using survey data collected in Mexico under Andrés Manuel López Obrador—an influential populist leader who enjoyed widespread approval and advanced autocratization in the name of democracy. The results indicate, indeed, that López Obrador’s presidential approval not only reinforced the belief that Mexico is a democracy but also increased voters’ support for the president if he decided to disregard the rule of law, curb the opposition’s rights, or cancel the separation of powers. These findings suggest that populist presidents might be able to persuade voters to embrace the subversion of democracy disguised as democratic improvement.

Between 2023 – 2024, 60 infections (urinary tract, n = 31; skin/soft tissue, n = 18; pneumonia, n = 7; influenza-like illness, n = 5) were diagnosed by home-based primary care clinicians from one site, including 35% through telehealth. 43% met standardized surveillance definitions. Most antibiotic prescriptions (n = 27/48) involved durations ≥7 days. Additional studies of home care infections are needed.

Thinking about desire has been integral to radical feminism. My goal is to revive a critical politics of desire informed by the history of radical feminist thought: one sensitive to social determinants of romantic and sexual attraction and open to the possibility that our desires can be radically transformed outside of oppressive environments. To do this, I reconstruct radical feminist strategies for navigating politically problematic desires, including demonstrating that recent scepticism toward this project has underestimated its available resources. In particular, I build upon attempts to reconfigure the social contexts in which romantic and sexual desires are formed, including recommending cultural and economic interventions which influence who is seen as desirable. Radical feminists also recognized potential harms of questioning desire, including the problem of intense sexual moralism. In dialogue with this history, I propose that changes in the infrastructure of desire-formation are often better placed to avoid the unproductive shame and defensiveness associated with a critique of desire. So too, I suggest that attempts to remake our public sexual culture ought to incorporate feminist insights about the importance of imagination, experimentation, and open discussion.

We establish large deviations for dynamical Schrödinger problems driven by perturbed Brownian motions when the noise parameter tends to zero. Our results show that Schrödinger bridges charge exponentially small masses outside the support of the limiting law that agrees with the optimal solution to the dynamical Monge–Kantorovich optimal transport problem. Our proofs build on mixture representations of Schrödinger bridges and establishing exponential continuity of Brownian bridges with respect to the initial and terminal points.

This article explores an innovative case study in classical language education, focusing on a high school student who independently designed an educational video game inspired by Greek mythology. The project illustrates how digital creativity can effectively support the teaching and learning of Latin and ancient Greek. Three key aspects are examined: student autonomy and creativity in classical studies, the educational potential of merging classical content with digital media, and the implications for reimagining the role of Classics in modern curricula.

The initiative combines classical themes with interactive gameplay, transforming the learning process into an engaging, active experience. Rather than simply transmitting knowledge, the game reinterprets ancient content through digital storytelling and mechanics. This approach promotes critical thinking, interdisciplinary skills, and aligns with science, technology, engineering, art, and maths (STEAM) education principles. The teacher’s role shifts from traditional instructor to facilitator, enabling authentic and student-driven learning. Overall, the study demonstrates how digital tools can foster immersive and meaningful engagement with classical languages and cultures. It presents a replicable model for curriculum innovation, showing that integrating technology with humanistic content can revitalise Classics education. The project positions ancient languages not as static relics, but as dynamic fields open to reinterpretation and creativity through contemporary digital means.