Research suggests considerable developmental catch-up among adopted children who experienced early adversity across various domains, yet a substantial subgroup continues to exhibit elevated socio-emotional difficulties. Longitudinal studies can provide critical insights into the mechanisms underlying this ongoing vulnerability, yet no systematic review has been conducted to synthesize these findings. This systematic review identified 16 longitudinal studies (N = 3,073 adoptees) through searches in PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, all of which followed children adopted before the age of six into adolescence or adulthood, with an average follow-up period of 10 years. Due to significant heterogeneity across study designs, samples, and measures, a meta-analysis was not feasible; therefore, adoptees’ outcomes and developmental pathways are synthesized narratively. Early adversity and developmental difficulties most frequently predicted later socio-emotional and behavioral outcomes, with some evidence pointing to genetic, epigenetic, and gene–environment interaction effects. Early difficulties may have cascading consequences across multiple developmental domains. Yet, the small number of longitudinal studies and their heterogeneity limits conclusive understanding of developmental pathways. Recommendations are made to inform and strengthen future research efforts.

This article explores the ‘rationality wars’, contemporary debates about the nature and scope of rationality across economics, psychology, behavioral public policy and philosophy. It traces the evolution of the concept from classical thinkers and shows how modern disagreements – such as Daniel Kahneman’s logical model versus Gerd Gigerenzer’s ecological approach – restate long-standing philosophical tensions. These divergences arise from the distinct epistemological demands of each discipline. Using Gustavo Bueno’s distinction between concepts (discipline-specific) and ideas (transdisciplinary), the article critiques reductionist attempts to impose one framework as definitive. Instead, it argues for a pluralistic, scientifically grounded understanding of rationality that respects diverse aims, methods and standards.

Pollinators are susceptible to insecticide residues when foraging on weedy flowers in turfgrass systems. Deterrent practices may mitigate this risk by reducing pollinator visits; however, their effectiveness in limiting contact exposure of pollinators has not been thoroughly evaluated. Two trials were conducted using a randomized complete block design with three temporal blocks to assess the effectiveness of deterrent practices in preventing contact exposure of actively trapped honey bees (Apis mellifera) and passively trapped insects to fluorescent powder–treated white clover (Trifolium repens L.) inflorescences in turfgrass. Deterrent treatments included mowing the same morning before fluorescent powder application; spraying with a premix of 2,4-D, MCPP, and dicamba 2 d before powder treatment; or no deterrent before powder application. Fluorescent powder was extracted from 1,440 honey bee specimens collected by active trapping at 4 and 28 h after treatment. Mowing and synthetic auxin herbicide pretreatment reduced the number of fluorescent powder–exposed honey bees by at least 75% and 93%, respectively. Among exposed honey bees, mowing and herbicide treatments reduced powder concentration by at least 75% and 90%, respectively. Honey bee visitation was positively correlated with T. repens inflorescence density, explaining 81% of visitation variability. Mowing transiently decreased T. repens floral density by 85%, but recovered by 7 d, while herbicides resulted in complete loss of floral resources by 7 d. Blue vane traps captured 1,117 bees from 23 species, of which greater than 96% were native, while yellow sticky cards collected 384 insects from the Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera orders. Despite differences in honey bee exposure, deterrent treatments did not affect the exposure of passively trapped pollinators to fluorescent powder, likely due to strong visual attraction of traps. Results suggest that mowing and synthetic auxin herbicides effectively deter honey bees from T. repens inflorescences, reducing their exposure risk.

Accurate discrimination and energy measurement of alpha particles remain a key challenge in proton boron fusion driven by high-intensity laser-plasma interaction due to the complex mix of ions generated in these extreme conditions. We present a novel implementation of a high-accuracy, low-background technique involving a CR-39 enhanced image plate that was used with a Thomson parabola spectrometer (TPS) and differential filtering. This technique demonstrated a strong reduction in background contamination arising from plasma ions compared to standard CR-39 and allowed for the generation of a contaminant-free alpha particle energy spectrum from a boron foam target irradiated by a 10 J, 800 fs laser pulse with an intensity of $\sim$$2\times10^{19}\ Wcm^{-2}$. The laser pulse was from a hybrid Ti:Sapphire-Nd:glass system generated from the Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) mode. The spectrum covered an energy range of 3–8 MeV with a corresponding energy resolution of 0.1–0.5 MeV. The developed filtering technique has the potential to measure even lower energy ranges, further extending its applicability compared with existing methods. The differential filtering solution strongly reduces the signal from carbon ions that would otherwise overlap the alpha particle trace on the TPS, providing a quasi-contaminant-free signal, while the CR-39 enhanced the detection sensitivity compared to other detectors.

Rather than considering popular culture in the service of states, this article directs attention instead to the social level and how fan clubs pursue their own non-state international relations. Through a comparative study of Tottenham Hotspur Supporters’ Clubs and the BTS ARMY, the article offers a tripartite framework for analysis of the previously neglected international relations of fan clubs, unpacking their distinctive transnational practices, identities, and activism. The discussion considers how fan clubs have developed their own parallels to interstate politics in their transnational practices, and advanced alternative identities rejecting state-centric territorial demarcations. In contrast to accounts of the reproduction in popular culture of elite narratives, the article highlights how fan clubs may serve to reframe and reorient from below representations of even the most exclusive aspects of interstate relations including their instruments of violence. With reference to the common case study of the Black Lives Matter movement, the article also unpacks distinctive dynamics of transnational activism among fan clubs, elaborating how techniques originally mobilized in relation to the fandom object have been transferred to address global political issues. The limitations to each of these aspects are subsequently considered in view of fan clubs’ embedding in contemporary capitalist and geopolitical relations.

Five long-term care facilities trained healthcare personnel (N = 34) on a 30-minute virtual reality (VR) training module on core infection prevention and control competencies. Semi-structured interviews and surveys showed strong engagement and participant enjoyment. Performance data from head-mounted displays revealed areas for improvement, highlighting VR’s potential to enhance competency-based training.

In this article, I address the political, social, and humanitarian issues at the core of my works for the stage. Through examples from my operas El Palacio Imaginado (2003), La tierra de la miel (2012), and Harriet (2018), I discuss how gender issues, social justice, and the burden of racism have transformed my musical language. La tierra de la miel dramatizes the tragedy of human trafficking on the US/Mexico border through the fictionalized story of two of its victims, driven into prostitution and physically and sexually abused. The opera seeks to give a voice to the hundreds of Mexican women (often from Indigenous communities) murdered along the border between the US and Mexico. Harriet recounts episodes from the life of abolitionist Harriet Tubman, including her concerted actions to end the institution of slavery, and ends with a message expressing hope for a continuation of her fight against slavery and racism.

Parliamentary oversight, which is an activity that occurs in both congressional and parliamentary settings, faces many challenges. This is especially the case in parliamentary systems. Institutionally, actors in parliament must oversee the government’s use of power, but complex incentive challenges leave only limited room for oversight to occur, or only when it serves partisan purposes. These two behavioural logics, institutional and partisan, are most apparent in parliamentary oversight committees. This article argues that more controlled/stronger institutional settings strengthen the institutional logic relative to the partisan one in parliamentary oversight procedures. The article tests this argument by investigating the outcomes of oversight cases and the degree of unity across governing and opposition party lines while varying the institutional setting. The research design utilizes variations in oversight-related committee systems for the Danish, Swedish and Norwegian parliaments, which are known for their influential political parties. The results show generally high degrees of unity in oversight cases, but that the degree varies depending on the institutional setting: higher in more controlled/stronger institutional settings, and lower in less controlled/weaker ones.

European studies have traditionally relied on the power of broad concepts to account for the experience of the European Union: be it integration, governance, market, or legal order. Many of these concepts originated in social sciences. Yet, one concept is conspicuously absent from this list: ‘society’ was seen as ill-suited for picturing European integration. This background makes the recent and pervasive return of the term ‘society’ in the EU institutional discourse even more apparent. The paper attempts to propose a framework within which to think of the EU and its law in terms of European society makes sense. First, it argues that this turn to society is a response to challenges posed to the core assumptions upon which EU law has been predicated. Secondly, it inquiries about the sort of society produced by the law of European society. Thirdly, it suggests a new development for EU law and EU legal studies, integrating in their technical and conceptual appartuses additional resources and critical knowledge drawon from social sciences and social theory.

This article describes a novel series of classroom simulations for teaching Graham Allison’s (1971) three seminal models of foreign policy decision making (i.e., the Rational Actor Model, the Organizational Process Model, and the Bureaucratic Politics Model) and demonstrates the effectiveness of those simulations. The simulations utilize the commercially available board game, 13 Days: The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. The game is a close approximation of the Rational Actor Model. The author developed two additional rule variants to represent the Organizational Process Model and the Bureaucratic Politics Model. The effectiveness of the simulations was evaluated with both a survey and a quiz administered to a treatment section that experienced the simulations and a control section that did not. The results indicate that the simulations are effective pedagogical tools associated with higher student excitement and enjoyment of the material, higher quiz scores, and an increased ability to self-assess understanding of the material.

This article examines the diplomatic strategies of Revolutionary Guatemala between 1944 and 1951, situating them within the broader continental realignments that occurred at the onset of the Cold War. Contrary to prevailing interpretations that emphasize covert warfare or ideological rhetoric, it argues that Guatemala’s revolutionary governments pursued a deliberate, multilateral diplomatic agenda aimed at reshaping inter-American relations. Drawing on research in multiple archives in the Americas and Europe, the article demonstrates how Guatemala engaged in initiatives such as the nonrecognition of coup regimes, support for the Larreta Doctrine, and campaigns against Francoist Spain while forging alliances with Mexico, Venezuela, Cuba, and Southern Cone democracies. These efforts reveal both the agency and the limitations of states seeking to promote democracy amid shifting geopolitical pressures. By reframing Guatemala’s role, the article contributes to ongoing debates about Latin American agency, the contested nature of early Cold War alignments, and the evolution of inter-American diplomacy.

This article defends a new type of preferential hiring. Rather than compensating groups for past or present employment-related discrimination, it seeks to ensure that groups with disproportionate unemployment rates that are due significantly – but not necessarily wholly – to their members having relatively narrow competencies, such as autistic individuals and people with hearing loss, ADHD and lower education levels, are prioritized for jobs that match their abilities. After defending such competency-based preferential hiring based on its benefits for persons with narrower competencies and for societies more broadly, I address several criticisms, including concerns that this approach may be stigmatizing.

This study investigates the reading of novel morpho-syntactic forms, specifically gender-inclusive writing in French. Inclusive writing aims to address the generic use of the masculine form, which often encourages male mental representations over female or non-binary ones. The study focuses on contracted forms using the mid-dot, such as étudiant·e·s, which have become widespread in French despite ongoing public debate. Four experiments using eye-tracking and self-paced reading methods compared reading times for inclusive, masculine, and feminine forms. Experiment 1 found no robust difference in reading times between inclusive forms ending in “·e” and their feminine counterparts, suggesting familiarity with this form. Experiment 2 showed that inclusive forms ending in “·ne”, such as comédien·ne·s, were read more slowly than their feminine counterparts, possibly due to phonological effects. Experiment 3 tested highly pronounceable inclusive forms like auteur·rice·s, which were read more slowly initially, but this effect was short-lasting. Experiment 4 compared more or less pronounceable forms, such as chanteur·euse·s and chanteur·se·s, respectively, confirming that the degree of pronounceability affects reading times. Overall, the study concluded that the reading time for contracted inclusive forms depends on familiarity and the degree of pronounceability.

We use a sharp regression discontinuity design (RDD) to show that victories by women candidates in close House, Senate, and gubernatorial elections lead to an increase in female directors in firms located in the candidates’ districts. The causal effect is higher when the media coverage of the woman candidate is higher, when voter turnout is high, and when firms have more local directors and local institutional investors. The heterogeneous regression discontinuity (RD) effects suggest that electoral wins may influence local gender norms and firms’ board diversity through multiple channels, including conveying majority views on gender-related social norms, increasing exposure to exemplar women, and facilitating learning about women’s different but effective leadership styles. The evidence suggests a potential spillover effect from women’s political leadership to the corporate world.

During the 1960s, the Malaysian prime minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, struggled to establish the ‘Muslim Commonwealth’, an organization of Muslim-dominated sovereign states. This international programme for Muslim unity was particularly significant because it offered an opportunity for an unexpected player from outside the Islamic heartlands of the Middle East and South Asia to seize the leadership of the global religious community. This article recovers the project’s genealogy, objectives, and reception. In the global context of decolonization and the Cold War, the Tunku looked to the British-led Commonwealth of Nations to model this pan-Islamic institution in an attempt to promote cooperation, development, and peace among Muslims. He deployed a range of idioms to broaden the appeal of the Muslim Commonwealth, drawing from different intellectual genealogies and from an international circuit of ideas prevalent during decolonization. The eventual failure of the Tunku’s project exposes the hierarchies and rivalries in South–South relations during the decade and reveals how Malaysian-led pan-Islamism remained bound to the post-colonial condition of the nation-state.

The limbic system is a brain structure involved in emotional regulation. Since nutritional interventions in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants may be associated with measurable differences in brain structure and function, we designed this prospective study to evaluate the impact of early nutritional support in VLBW infants on the volume of the regions that comprise the limbic system, as well as on the emotional and neuropsychological development of these infants. This is a prospective observational study of a historical cohort of children with a history of prematurity. Seventy-four preterm infants, with a mean age of 11·1 (sd 2·9) years, underwent neuropsychological assessment using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and functional MRI (fMRI). We recorded the nutritional intake during the first week of the neonatal period, as well as data related to neonatal morbidity. The association between the results of the brain structural analysis, psychometrics variables and nutritional intake was determined using simple and multivariate linear regression adjusted for child age and BMI in the structural analysis of fMRI. Lipids intake was also associated with the volume of the left thalamus (b = 50·7; P = 0·014), the right thalamus (b = 47·4; P = 0·018) and the left nucleus accumbens (b = 5·02; P = 0·031). We conclude that lipids intake in the first week of life in VLBW newborns is associated with the volume of various structures of the limbic system, namely the thalamus and the nucleus accumbens.