In Relational Justice, Hanoch Dagan and Avihay Dorfman defend a longstanding intuition of bilateral normativity. They argue that private law, for the most part, should structure legal relationships so that parties show reciprocal respect for each other’s self-determination and substantive equality. In this critical notice, I argue against the plausibility of their account. My main claim is that a commitment to individual self-determination and substantive equality should be societal and not bilateral. Rather than reciprocal respect for each other’s self-determination and equality within bilateral relationships, those who care about these values should require that private law help secure them on a societal scale.

A ground vortex engendered by the interaction of uniform flow over a plane surface with suction into a cylindrical conduit whose axis is normal to the cross-flow and parallel to the ground plane is investigated in wind tunnel experiments. The formation and evolution of the columnar vortex and its ingestion into the conduit’s inlet are explored using planar/stereo particle image velocimetry over a broad range of formation parameters that include the speeds of the inlet and cross-flows and the cylinder’s elevation above the ground plane with specific emphasis on the role of the surface vorticity layer in the vortex initiation and sustainment. The present investigations show that the appearance of a ground vortex within the inlet face occurs above a threshold boundary of two dimensionless formation parameters, namely the inlet’s momentum flux coefficient and its normalised elevation above the ground surface. Transitory initiations of wall-normal columnar vortices are spawned within a countercurrent shear layer that forms over the ground plane within a streamwise domain on the inlet’s leeward side by the suction flow into the duct. At low suction speeds, these wall-normal vortices are advected downstream with the cross-flow but when their celerity is reversed with increased suction, they are advected towards the cylinder’s inlet, gain circulation and stretch along their centrelines and become ingested into the inlet at a threshold defined by the formation parameters. Finally, the present investigations demonstrated that reduction of the countercurrent shear within the wall vorticity layer by deliberate, partial bypass of the inlet face flow through the periphery of the cylindrical duct can significantly delay the ingestion of the ground vortex to higher level thresholds of the formation parameters.

Protein fermentation in the human gut is often associated with adverse health effects. Hence, understanding the fermentation characteristics of dietary undigested proteins is important for a comprehensive nutritional value of foods. This study investigated the protein fermentation kinetics of diet-derived proteins from thirty-one different foods using an in vitro model and human faecal inoculum. The undigested diet-derived protein substrate originated from porcine ileal digesta obtained from assessment of the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) of the foods. Significant variations in fermentation kinetic parameters, particularly in maximum gas production rate (Rmax) and time to reach cumulative gas production (GP) from the substrate (TGPs), were observed. The Rmax ranged from 15·5 (se 0·7) ml/h for wheat bran-derived to 24·5 (se 0·9) ml/h for oatmeal-derived proteins. Egg-derived proteins had the shortest TGPs (14·7 (se 0·7) h), while mushroom-derived proteins had the longest (27·6 (se 7·1) h). When foods were categorised into five groups (‘animal protein’, ‘grains’, ‘legumes’, ‘fungi, algae and microorganisms’ and ‘others’), no significant differences were found in fermentation kinetics parameters. Samples were additionally incubated with porcine inoculum to assess potential donor-species effects. Human inoculum showed significantly lower Rmax, cumulative GP and microbiota turnover than porcine inoculum, indicating reduced fermentative activity. Linear regression analysis revealed correlations between human and porcine-derived inoculum only for Rmax (R2 = 0·78, P < 0·01) and TGPs (R² = 0·17, P < 0·05). These findings underscore the importance of using human inoculum in in vitro studies to better predict health implications of foods with DIAAS values.

The kinetic stability of collisionless, sloshing beam-ion ($45^\circ$ pitch angle) plasma is studied in a three-dimensional (3-D) simple magnetic mirror, mimicking the Wisconsin high-temperature superconductor axisymmetric mirror experiment. The collisional Fokker–Planck code CQL3D-m provides a slowing-down beam-ion distribution to initialize the kinetic-ion/fluid-electron code Hybrid-VPIC, which then simulates free plasma decay without external heating or fuelling. Over $1$–$10\;\mathrm{\unicode{x03BC} s}$, drift-cyclotron loss-cone (DCLC) modes grow and saturate in amplitude. The DCLC scatters ions to a marginally stable distribution with gas-dynamic rather than classical-mirror confinement. Sloshing ions can trap cool (low-energy) ions in an electrostatic potential well to stabilize DCLC, but DCLC itself does not scatter sloshing beam-ions into the said well. Instead, cool ions must come from external sources such as charge-exchange collisions with a low-density neutral population. Manually adding cool $\mathord {\sim } 1\;\mathrm{keV}$ ions improves beam-ion confinement several-fold in Hybrid-VPIC simulations, which qualitatively corroborates prior measurements from real mirror devices with sloshing ions.

Fjord ecosystems serve as crucial habitats for elasmobranchs, supporting them across all life stages. Chilean Patagonia provides one of the most complex and extensive networks of fjord ecosystems in the world, displaying high marine biodiversity, including elasmobranchs. However, little is known about this ecologically important group of fishes in these ecosystems. This study investigates the biodiversity of elasmobranchs in the Comau Fjord over a period of 6 months by combining morphological and molecular data. In total, 309 specimens within a radius of 7.5 km were recorded, belonging to six families and nine species: Hexanchus griseus (77.5–178 cm LT), Notorynchus cepedianus (180.6 cm LT), Schroederichthys bivius (35–65.2 cm LT), Scymnodon macracanthus (37.3 cm LT), Centrophorus squamosus (87.4 cm LT), Deania calceus (58.3–98.6 cm LT), Squalus acanthias (25.5–101.1 cm LT), Dipturus chilensis (62.9–152 cm LT), and Dipturus trachyderma (69.8–194 cm LT). This included records of three species previously unknown in the fjord and was equivalent to nearly 20% of the elasmobranch richness found in Southern Chile. The results further suggest that the Comau Fjord could be a primary nursery ground for several species of elasmobranchs. This is the first time that a species inventory of elasmobranchs is conducted in a Chilean fjord system. The outcomes of this research provide an elasmobranch species checklist with biological aspects from the Comau Fjord, which are essential data to inform decision makers, conservation managers, and future research.

Are refugee ‘return’ and ‘repatriation’ the same thing? This article investigates the mid-century emergence of these two key concepts in the context of the entangled histories of post-1945 displacement and resettlement in Palestine/Israel, which has long had the dubious distinction of serving as a central site of international experimentation vis-à-vis modern questions surrounding mass expulsion and the possibilities of return. Despite the deeply interwoven nature of Palestinian and Jewish displacement, scholars have generally accepted these histories as distinct and segregated national memories. Such accounts actively ignore a crucial set of actors in the making of these forced migrations and their aftermaths: the ‘international community’, made up mainly of the victorious Allied powers, who constructed the framework within which such nationally bounded interpretations could be perpetuated and sustained. This article therefore aims to bring the international dimension to the forefront and to combine it with the history of concepts (Begriffsgeschichte) to examine how the concepts of ‘return’ and ‘repatriation’ evolved – and diverged – in the aftermath of the Second World War, in the context of an emerging modern international refugee regime designed primarily to serve superpower interests.

To begin with, I wish to thank Editor-in-Chief Xiao-Ping Chen for her initiative to celebrate MOR's twentieth anniversary by inviting a series of essays under the seductive title ‘MOR and Me’, with the overarching subtitle ‘Chinese management research: Looking back, current status, and future prospects’.

Non-adherence and negative attitudes towards medication are major problems in treating psychotic disorders. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) contributes to the metabolism of aripiprazole and risperidone, and variations in CYP2D6 activity may affect treatment response or adverse effects. However, the impact of these variations on adherence and medication attitudes is unclear. This study investigates the relationships between CYP2D6 phenotype, self-reported adherence, adverse effects, and attitudes among aripiprazole and risperidone users. The study analysed data from the SUPER-Finland cohort of 10,474 adults with psychotic episodes, including 1,429 aripiprazole and 828 risperidone users. The Attitudes towards Neuroleptic Treatment (ANT) questionnaire assessed adherence and adverse effects in all patients, while medication-related attitudes were examined in a subgroup of 1,000 participants. Associations between CYP2D6 phenotypes and outcomes were analysed using logistic regression and beta regression in aripiprazole and risperidone groups separately. Among risperidone users, we observed no association between CYP2D6 phenotypes and adherence, adverse effects, or attitudes. Similarly, we found no link between adherence and CYP2D6 phenotypes among aripiprazole users. However, aripiprazole users with the ultrarapid CYP2D6 phenotype had more adverse effects (OR = 1.71, 95 % CI 1.03–2.90, p = 0.041). Among aripiprazole users, CYP2D6 ultrarapid phenotype was associated with less favourable attitudes towards antipsychotic treatment (β = −0.48, p = 0.023). These findings provide preliminary evidence that the ultrarapid CYP2D6 phenotype is associated with increased adverse effects and negative attitudes towards antipsychotic medication among aripiprazole users. CYP2D6 phenotype did not influence adherence, adverse effects, or attitudes among risperidone users.

In this article, we study the behavior of complete two-sided hypersurfaces immersed in the hyperbolic space $\mathbb H^{n+1}$. Initially, we introduce the concept of the linearized curvature function $\mathcal {F}_{r,s}$ of a two-sided hypersurface, its associated modified Newton transformation $\mathcal {P}_{r,s}$ and its naturally attached differential operator $\mathcal {L}_{r,s}$. Then, we obtain two formulas for differential operator $\mathcal {L}_{r,s}$ acting on the height function of a two-sided hypersurface and, for the case where their support functions are related by a negative constant, we derive two new formulas for the Newton transformation $P_{r}$ and the modified Newton transformation $\mathcal {P}_{r,s}$ acting on a gradient of the height function. Finally, these formulas, jointly with suitable maximum principles, enable us to establish our rigidity and nonexistence results concerning complete two-sided hypersurfaces in $\mathbb H^{n+1}$.

The Dutch city of Leiden experienced economic and demographic growth from the last quarter of the sixteenth century onwards. This article analyses its effects on the urban private housing market by charting both the ratio of owners to tenants and the spatial patterns of housing wealth. Housing inequality increased in Leiden, reinforcing existing economic disparities and patterns of residential segregation. These dynamics were mainly caused by migration, which created great demand for housing. Gaining an insight into the pre-modern housing market also helps us to understand how inequalities were (re)produced and how they affected the daily lives of urbanites differently.