It has been established that bilinguals activate both languages even when only one language is being used. However, little is known about how the two languages are co-activated during simultaneous interpreting (SI), a demanding task involving intensive code-switching. This study investigated (1) the effect of task on cross-language co-activation and (2) the time course of co-activations triggered by form and meaning. Thirty-one professional interpreters were recruited to complete a cross-language task (English-to-Chinese SI) and a within-language task (English-to-English shadowing) with their eye movements tracked. Participants heard English passages which contained critical spoken words, each paired with a visual display of four Chinese words. One of the words was a competitor that resembled the translation equivalent of the spoken word in either form or meaning, and the other three were unrelated distractors. We found that participants directed more visual attention to both types of competitors at an early stage in shadowing, while the word-form competitor effect occurred during SI preceded that of the semantic competitor. Our findings support the parallel account of SI processing, with implications provided for the relationship between cross-language interactions and the time lag between input and output during interpreting.

A family of arbitrarily high-order energy-preserving methods are developed to solve the coupled Schrödinger–Boussinesq (S-B) system. The system is a nonlinear coupled system and satisfies a series of conservation laws. It is often difficult to construct a high-order decoupling numerical algorithm to solve the nonlinear system. In this paper, the original system is first reformulated into an equivalent Hamiltonian system by introducing multiple auxiliary variables. Next, the reformulated system is discretized by the Fourier pseudo-spectral method and the implicit midpoint scheme in the spatial and temporal directions, respectively, and a second-order conservative scheme is obtained. Finally, the scheme is extended to arbitrarily high-order accuracy by means of diagonally implicit symplectic Runge–Kutta methods or composition methods. Rigorous analyses show that the proposed methods are fully decoupled and can precisely conserve the discrete invariants. Numerical results show that the proposed schemes are effective and can be easily extended to other nonlinear partial differential equations.

The scope of unconscious processing has long been, and still remains, a hotly debated issue. This is driven in part by the current diversity of methods to manipulate and measure perceptual consciousness. Here, we provide ten recommendations and nine outstanding issues about designing experimental paradigms, analyzing data, and reporting the results of studies on unconscious processing. These were formed through dialogue among a group of researchers representing a range of theoretical backgrounds. We acknowledge that some of these recommendations naturally do not align with some existing approaches and are likely to change following theoretical and methodological development. Nevertheless, we hold that at this stage of the field they are instrumental in evoking a much-needed discussion about the norms of studying unconscious processes and helping researchers make more informed decisions when designing experiments. In the long run, we aim for this paper and future discussions around the outstanding issues to lead to a more convergent corpus of knowledge about the extent – and limits – of unconscious processing.

The high comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders (ANX), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) complicates the study of their structural neural correlates, particularly in white matter (WM) alterations. Using fractional anisotropy (FA), this meta-analysis aimed to identify both unique and shared WM characteristics for these disorders by comparing them with healthy controls (HC). The aggregated sample size across studies includes 3,661 individuals diagnosed with MDD, ANX, or PTSD and 3,140 HC participants. The whole-brain analysis revealed significant FA reductions in the corpus callosum (CC) across MDD, ANX, and PTSD, suggesting a common neurostructural alteration underlying these disorders. Further pairwise comparisons highlighted disorder-specific differences: MDD patients showed reduced FA in the middle cerebellar peduncles and bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus II relative to ANX patients and decreased FA in the CC extending to the left anterior thalamic projections (ATPs) when compared with PTSD. In contrast, PTSD patients exhibited reduced FA in the right ATPs compared to HC. No significant FA differences were observed between ANX and PTSD or between ANX and HC. These findings provide evidence for both shared and unique WM alterations in MDD, ANX, and PTSD, reflecting the neural underpinnings of the clinical characteristics that distinguish these disorders.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern in China. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021, we analyzed trends in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), prevalence rate (ASPR), mortality rate (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for TB from 1990 to 2021. Over this period, HIV-negative TB showed a marked decline in ASIR (AAPC = −2.34%, 95% CI: −2.39, −2.28) and ASMR (AAPC = −0.56%, 95% CI: −0.62, −0.59). Specifically, drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB) showed reductions in both ASIR and ASMR, while multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) showed slight decreases. Conversely, extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) exhibited upward trends in both ASIR and ASMR. TB co-infected with HIV (HIV-DS-TB, HIV-MDR-TB, HIV-XDR-TB) showed increasing trends in recent years. The analysis also found an inverse correlation between ASIRs and ASMRs for HIV-negative TB and the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). Projections from 2022 to 2035 suggest continued increases in ASIR and ASMR for XDR-TB, HIV-DS-TB, HIV-MDR-TB, and HIV-XDR-TB. The rising burden of XDR-TB and HIV-TB co-infections presents ongoing challenges for TB control in China. Targeted prevention and control strategies are urgently needed to mitigate this burden and further reduce TB-related morbidity and mortality.

Vessel collision risk estimation is crucial in navigation manoeuvres, route planning, risk control, safety management and forewarning issues. The interaction possibility is a good method to quantify the near-miss collision risks of multi-ships. Current models, however, are mostly concerned about the movements in an unrestricted isotropic travel environment or network environment. This article simultaneously addresses these issues by developing a novel environment–kinetic compound space–time prism to capture potential spatial–temporal interactions of multi-ships in constrained dynamic environments. The approach could significantly reduce the overestimation of the individual vessel’s potential travel area and the interaction possibility of encountering vessels in restricted water. The proposed environmental–kinetical compound space–time prism (EKC-STP)-based method enables identifying where and when multi-ships possibly interacted in the constraint water area, as well as how the interaction possibility pattern changed from day to day. The collision risk evaluation results were validated through comparison with other methods. The full picture of hierarchical collision risk distribution in port areas is determined and could be employed to provide quantifiable references for efficient and practical anti-collision measures establishment.

n-3 PUFA, including ALA, EPA and DHA, are widely found in plant oils and marine organisms. These fatty acids demonstrate significant biological effects, and their adequate intake is essential for maintaining health. However, modern diets often lack sufficient n-3 PUFA, especially among populations that consume little fish or seafood, leading to a growing interest in n-3 PUFA supplementation in nutrition and health research. In recent decades, the role of n-3 PUFA in preventing and treating various diseases has gained increasing attention, particularly in cardiovascular, neurological, ophthalmic, allergic, hepatic and oncological fields. In orthopaedics, n-3 PUFA exert beneficial effects through several mechanisms, including modulation of inflammatory responses, enhancement of cartilage repair and regulation of bone metabolism. These effects demonstrate potential for the treatment of conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, osteoporosis, fractures, sarcopenia and spinal degenerative diseases. This review summarises the clinical applications of n-3 PUFA, with a focus on their research progress in the field of orthopaedics, and explores their potential in the treatment of orthopaedic diseases.

Overnutrition during before and pregnancy can cause maternal obesity and raise the risk of maternal metabolic diseases during pregnancy, and in offspring. Lentinus edodes may prevent or reduce obesity. This study aimed to to assess Lentinus edodes fermented products effects on insulin sensitivity, glucose and lipid metabolism in maternal and offspring, and explore its action mechanism. A model of overnutrition during pregnancy and lactation was developed using a 60 % kcal high-fat diet in C57BL6/J female mice. Fermented Lentinus edodes (FLE) was added to the diet at concentrations of 1 %, 3 %, and 5 %. The results demonstrated that FLE to the gestation diet significantly reduced serum insulin levels and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in pregnant mice. FLE can regulate maternal lipid metabolism and reduce fat deposition. Meanwhile, the hepatic phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway was significantly activated in the maternal mice. There is a significant negative correlation between maternal FLE supplementation doses and offspring body fat percentage and visceral fat content. Furthermore, FLE supplementation significantly increased offspring weaning litter weight, significantly reduced fasting glucose level, serum insulin level, HOMA-IR and serum glucose level, significantly activated liver PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in offspring, and upregulated the expression of liver lipolytic genes adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 mRNA. Overall, FLE supplementation can regulate maternal lipid metabolism and reduce fat deposition during pregnancy and lactation, and it may improve insulin sensitivity in pregnant mothers and offspring at weaning through activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Background: Tenecteplase is a genetically-modified variant of the tissue plasminogen activator alteplase, with increased fibrin-specificity, administered as a more convenient intravenous bolus. Recent data, from the AcT trial, have shown tenecteplase to be non-inferior to alteplase in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated within 4.5 hours from symptom onset, the direction of effect favoring tenecteplase. As a result, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada has added tenecteplase to the Stroke Best Practice Recommendations. However, its cost-effectiveness in the Canadian setting remains unknown. Methods: An analysis was performed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of tenecteplase compared to alteplase in the AIS population. The model structure combines a decision tree for the first 90 days post index stroke, where the 7 modified Rankin Scale (mRS) states are informed by the AcT trial, and a Markov model for the remainder of the lifetime horizon. Cost and utility values were derived from the literature and public sources. Canadian health care system and hospital perspectives were used. Results: This economic analysis demonstrates that tenecteplase is dominant compared to alteplase, providing more quality-adjusted life years at lower costs. Conclusions: Adding tenecteplase to hospital formularies for AIS would generate savings for the health care system while providing more benefits.

This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of using refrigerated versus pre-warmed media for preparing time-lapse dishes in in vitro fertilization (IVF). Patients undergoing their first IVF/ICSI cycle were divided into two groups. The control group used pre-warmed culture media, while the experimental group used refrigerated culture media. The osmotic pressure of the culture droplets in both groups was tested. No statistical differences were found between the two groups’ basic data. The proportion of air microbubbles affecting imaging significantly decreased (4.55% vs. 37.97%, P < 0.001) when using pre-warmed media. However, the blastocyst formation rate (56.62% vs. 49.70%, P = 0.046) and total high-quality embryo rate (22.26% vs. 17.06%, P = 0.047) were significantly higher in the refrigerated media group compared to the pre-warmed media group. The higher rate of high-quality embryos in the refrigerated media group might result in a higher single embryo transfer rate (45.10% vs. 18.52%, P = 0.020) and implantation rate (58.23% vs. 34.69%, P = 0.010). From day –1 to day 1, osmolality increased, with the P-3.5 group showing a significant elevation compared to the other three groups. After 5 days of incubation, the osmotic pressure of group R-4.0 was significantly lower than that of groups P-3.5, P-4.0 and P-3.5. In conclusion, refrigerated culture media dishes helped stabilize the osmotic pressure of the culture microenvironment and reduce water evaporation. The refrigerated group showed a higher rate of high-quality embryos and live births, although pre-warmed culture media effectively reduced the occurrence of air microbubbles that affect embryo imaging in the next day’s dishes.

Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a highly invasive and destructive quarantine pests worldwide. To improved biological control efficiency, reduce chemical pesticides use, and optimise the application of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) against B. dorsalis. This study evaluated the combined toxicity of M. anisopliae with deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos. The biocompatibility of M. anisopliae CQMa421 with these pesticides was assessed based on spore germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation. Additionally, the effects of combined treatments on detoxification enzyme and related gene expression in B. dorsalis were investigated. The results indicated that the virulence effect of M. anisopliae CQMa421 against B. dorsalis adults was time-dependent and dose-dependent. Deltamethrin showed good compatibility with M. anisopliae CQMa421, achieving 100% mortality at 1 × 10⁸ CFU/mL by 84 hours. Different concentrations of deltamethrin can promote the mycelial growth and sporulation of M. anisopliae CQMa421. The toxicity effect of deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos combined with M. anisopliae CQMa421 on B. dorsalis adults was better than that of single-agent treatment, and the co-toxicity factor of 5 mg/L deltamethrin and 1 × 108 CFU/mL M. anisopliae CQMa421 was 24.81, which synergistically affected on B. dorsalis control. Enzyme activity assays and qRT-PCR results revealed that the combination treatment differentially activated and enhanced the activities of AChE, CarE, GST, CAT, and SOD. Meanwhile, BdCarE was significantly inhibited and upregulating BdGSTD7, BdGSTS1, BdCYP4ae1, BdPOD, BdPOD1, and BdCAT genes. In conclusion, the combination of deltamethrin and M. anisopliae CQMa421 enhanced the insecticidal efficacy against B. dorsalis, significantly affected the activity of related detoxification enzymes. Provided a robust basis for integrating biological and chemical control strategies to manage B. dorsalis more effectively.

This research investigates the spanwise oscillation patterns of turbulent non-premixed flames in a tandem configuration, using both experimental methods and large eddy simulations under cross-airflow conditions. Based on the heat release rate (17.43–34.86 kW) and the burner size (0.15 $\times$ 0.15 m), the flame behaves like both a buoyancy-controlled fire (such as a pool fire) and, due to cross-wind effects, a forced flow-controlled fire. The underlying fire dynamics was modelled by varying the spacing between the square diffusion burners, cross-wind velocity and heat release rate. Two flapping modes, the oscillating and bifurcating modes, were observed in the wake of the downstream diffusion flame. This behaviour depends on the wake of the upstream diffusion flame. As the backflow of the upstream flame moved downstream, the maximum flame width of the downstream flame became broader. The flapping amplitude decreased with a stronger cross-wind. Furthermore, the computational fluid dynamics simulation was performed by FireFOAM based on OpenFOAM v2006 2020 to investigate the flapping mechanism. The simulation captured both modes well. Disagreement of the flapping period on the left and right sides results in the oscillating mode, while an agreement of the flapping period results in the bifurcating mode. Finally, the scaling law expressed the dimensionless maximum flame width with the proposed set of basic dimensional parameters, following observations and interpretation by simulations. The results help prevent the potential hazards of this type of basic fire scenario and are fundamentally significant for studying wind-induced multiple fires.

Multi-loop coupling mechanisms (MCMs) are extensively utilized in the aerospace and aviation industries. This paper analyzes the mobility, singularity, and optimal actuation selection of a 3RR-3RRR MCM on the basis of geometric algebra (GA), where R denotes revolute joint. First, the principle of the shortest path is employed to identify the basic limbs and ascertain the type of coupling limbs. The analytical expression for the twist space and mobility characteristics of the mechanism is obtained by calculating the intersection of the limb’s twist space. The blade of limb constraint is subsequently employed to construct the singular polynomials of the mechanism. The singular configurations of the 3RR-3RRR MCM are analyzed in accordance with the properties of the outer product, resulting in the identification of two distinct types of boundary singularities. Next, the local transmission index is employed to evaluate the motion/force transmission performance of the two actuation schemes and finalize the selection of the superior actuation scheme for the mechanism. Finally, a prototype is developed to evaluate the energy loss resulting from the two actuation schemes, which verifies the correctness of the actuation selection scheme.

This paper introduces a novel ray-tracing methodology for various gradient-index materials, particularly plasmas. The proposed approach utilizes adaptive-step Runge–Kutta integration to compute ray trajectories while incorporating an innovative rasterization step for ray energy deposition. By removing the requirement for rays to terminate at cell interfaces – a limitation inherent in earlier cell-confined approaches – the numerical formulation of ray motion becomes independent of specific domain geometries. This facilitates a unified and concise tracing method compatible with all commonly used curvilinear coordinate systems in laser–plasma simulations, which were previously unsupported or prohibitively complex under cell-confined frameworks. Numerical experiments demonstrate the algorithm’s stability and versatility in capturing diverse ray physics across reduced-dimensional planar, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. We anticipate that the rasterization-based approach will pave the way for the development of a generalized ray-tracing toolkit applicable to a broad range of fluid simulations and synthetic optical diagnostics.