Low birth weight (LBW), defined as birth weight below 2,500 grams, continues to be a serious public health concern worldwide, particularly in low and middle-income countries. LBW is linked with a range of adverse health consequences for the infants, both short- and long-term(1, 2). Statistics Indonesia reported that LBW rates increased from 11.32% in 2019 to 12.58% in 2022(3), although the actual burden is unknown due to inconsistent prevalence estimates across numerous independent surveys in the country. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to estimate the prevalence of LBW in Indonesia. Four electronic databases were used to search for the relevant studies (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect) up to August 2024. Findings were reported according to PRISMA guidelines. The meta-analysis used a random-effects model with the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation method. Heterogeneity was examined using the I2 statistic, with a value ≥ 50% indicating substantial heterogeneity. Twenty-six studies published between 1985 and 2023 were eligible to be included, comprising 119,556 livebirths. Meta-analysis revealed an overall pooled prevalence of LBW of 23% (95% CI: 15, 30%; I2: 99.93%), with the study setting identified as a potential source of high heterogeneity. Thus, separate analyses for population-based and hospital-based studies were performed showing LBW prevalence of 13% (95% CI: 8, 18%) and 32% (95% CI: 20, 44%), respectively. Such a difference suggests that the sampling frame and database significantly affect estimates in Indonesia, considering that those who came to the hospital were expected to be in the high-risk pregnancy group. Moreover, birth weight data were more precisely collected through measurement in a hospital survey, compared to those in a population-based survey. Regions also played an important role as each has different population characteristics and health issues that lead to different prevalence. Our study emphasises that LBW prevalence was higher than the official reported estimate in Indonesia, and that it differed between hospital and population surveys.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a globally endemic zoonosis of major public health and economic importance. Although numerous studies have investigated CE in Maasailand, Kenya, up-to-date epidemiological and molecular data remain limited. This study assessed the prevalence and genetic identity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in livestock from Maasailand, Kenya, to evaluate ongoing transmission dynamics. A total of 1891 slaughtered livestock, comprising 667 cattle, 592 sheep and 632 goats, were examined for CE between September 2023 and April 2024. Cysts were assessed for fertility, and parasite genotypes were identified using Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and sequencing of the NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene. The overall CE prevalence was 28.7%, with higher rates in cattle (37.2%) and sheep (31.9%) than in goats (16.8%). CE prevalence was significantly higher in females than in males (P < 0.001). Cysts were predominantly located in the lungs (52.9%) and liver (45.6%). Sheep showed the highest cyst fertility (11.6%), followed by goats (7.6%) and cattle (6.7%). Molecular analysis identified E. granulosus sensu stricto as the predominant species (98.9%), with E. ortleppi (0.9%) and E. canadensis (G6/7) (0.1%) detected at low frequencies. Across all livestock species, CE prevalence in Maasailand was markedly higher than previously reported in the region and other endemic areas of Kenya, indicating sustained transmission. These findings highlight the need to identify drivers of transmission to guide strengthened and scaled-up prevention and control measures in this endemic region.

Prolonged grief disorder (PGD), recently classified in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR, is characterized by persistent and functionally impairing grief lasting beyond 6–12 months. The COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by widespread mortality, social isolation, disrupted mourning rituals, and social disconnection, raising concerns about a potentially high burden of PGD during the pandemic period. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, following PRISMA guidelines and PROSPERO registration (CRD42023463720), to estimate PGD prevalence under standardized ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR diagnostic frameworks and to examine potential moderators during the COVID-19 pandemic. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to October 2024. Eligible studies included adults who experienced bereavement during the pandemic and were assessed using validated PGD instruments (PG-13-R, ICG, BGQ). Random-effects models were applied to pool prevalence estimates, with subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Thirteen studies comprising 5,766 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of PGD during the pandemic period was 24% (95% CI: 13%–36%), with the highest estimates observed in China (43%, 95% CI: 33%–54%). In the overall pooled analysis, studies applying DSM-5-TR criteria yielded lower prevalence estimates than those using ICD-11 criteria (18% vs.26%, p = 0.41). Digital interventions showed no statistically significant pooled effects (Hedges’ g = −0.38, 95% CI: −0.90 to 0.14). The high and geographically heterogeneous prevalence of PGD observed during the COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need to strengthen mental health surveillance, standardized assessment, and service accessibility in large-scale public health emergencies, and provides important evidence to inform population-level interventions and resource allocation strategies.

Domestic cats are the only felines living exclusively with humans, making them ecologically invasive and widespread across terrestrial habitats. Their domestication stems from their rodent control abilities and companionship. However, they are susceptible to gastrointestinal parasites such as Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara cati, and Dipylidium caninum, causing issues like anaemia, vomiting, and sometimes death, especially in kittens. These parasites can also pose zoonotic risks, transmitting diseases like visceral and ocular larva migrants to humans. A total of 100 cats with no deworming history were examined over six months. The overall prevalence of intestinal helminths was 23.0%, with Ancylostoma spp. being the most common (11.0%), followed by Toxocara cati (7.0%), Taenia spp. (2.0%), and mixed infections (3.0%). The prevalence was higher in females (26.92%) than in males (18.75%). Age-wise, kittens under 6 months had the highest infection rate (36.17%), while cats aged 6–12 months showed the lowest (10.71%). Non-descriptive breeds exhibited a higher infection rate (34.88%) than descriptive breeds (14.03%). Most cats were kept in confined spaces (72.0%), with 57.0% being descriptive breeds. Cats were mostly fed a mix of cooked and commercial cat food (59.0%), while only 33.0% were vaccinated and 20.0% dewormed. Behavioural issues like licking (51.0%) and self-biting (13.0%) were noted. Only 41.0% of owners were aware of zoonotic disease risks from cats. Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations between infection rates and risk factors (variables) such as breed, age, diet, vaccination, and deworming status. Non-descriptive breeds, unvaccinated cats, and those fed vegetarian diets had significantly higher infection rates (p < 0.05). Unconfined housing also contributed to increased infection risk, though not statistically significant. The research was significant because it highlighted the public health risks, as many cat owners and pet lovers were unaware of the zoonotic potential of intestinal helminths in cats.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous virus with significant public health implications, including severe morbidity and mortality in neonates and immunosuppressed individuals. Substantial variation in CMV prevalence has been reported globally, and local epidemiological data are important to inform public health interventions. In this study, we estimated CMV seroprevalence and seroconversion rates among blood donors to provide baseline data on CMV epidemiology in Ireland. Seroprevalence was estimated in 74,821 donors, and seroconversion rates were calculated among returning donors, with associations assessed by demographic and geographical factors. Overall CMV seroprevalence in 2020 was 26.0% [95%CI: 25.7–26.3]. Female donors had higher odds of seropositivity than males (adjusted OR: 1.38, [95%CI: 1.34–1.43]). Among first-time donors, CMV seroprevalence was 23.82% [95% CI; 22.79–24.86], whereas within Sample Only New Donors (SOND), who are first-time donors born outside of Ireland and the UK, the seroprevalence was significantly higher, at 46.49% [95% CI; 40.41–52.98, p < 0.001]. The estimated annual seroconversion rate was 0.76% [95% CI: 0.68–0.85], with CMV DNA detected in 6.5% of seroconverters. These findings highlight a low CMV seroprevalence in Ireland, suggesting increased susceptibility to primary infection. Analysis of blood donor CMV data is a useful epidemiological tool to assess population-level risk.

Professional burnout syndrome represents a significant occupational hazard within European primary care physicians, impacting their well-being, quality of care, and the sustainability of healthcare systems. This joint European Psychiatric Association (EPA) and the World Organization of National Colleges, Academies and Academic Associations of General Practitioners/Family Physicians- Europe Region (WONCA Europe) viewpoint focuses specifically on primary care physicians, contrasts their risk profile with other specialties, and outlines actionable, system-level recommendations for policymakers, provider organizations, and professional associations. Evidence indicates a wide range in professional burnout syndrome prevalence, influenced by assessment methodologies and specific national contexts. The syndrome manifests through emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment, often accompanied by secondary psychological and physical symptoms. A multitude of interacting risk factors at the individual, interpersonal, and organizational levels contribute to its development. Effective mitigation strategies necessitate a multi-pronged approach encompassing individual coping mechanisms and systemic organizational changes aimed at alleviating workload, enhancing autonomy, and fostering supportive work environments.

This study focuses on the national and subnational estimation of prevalence, incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) related to self-harm and suicide mortality in Iran. These indicators of disease burden were analyzed over the period from 1990 to 2021, with stratifications based on sex, age and geographic location. Additionally, the percentage change observed between 1990 and 2021 was documented. The age-standardized prevalence rate (per 100,000) of self-harm decreased from 173.92 (95% UI: 146.13–208.75) in 1990 to 131.2 (95% UI: 110.55–156.67) in 2021, reflecting a percentage change of −0.25% over the period. In terms of self-harm prevalence in 2021, males had a higher rate (137.62 per 100,000) compared to females (124.82 per 100,000). The findings of the current study revealed that, despite significant challenges such as demographic shifts, economic instability and the impacts of war, the trends in self-harm incidents and suicide mortality rates in Iran have generally been on the decline. Additionally, it was observed that suicide-related deaths were more prevalent among males when compared to females. However, when examining self-harm behaviors over previous decades, these acts appeared to be more frequent among females.

Continuous traumatic stress (CTS) exposure describes extended and ongoing collective trauma exposure that is associated with potential future danger and threat to the community. CTS has generated debate in the context of current definitions of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the DSM-5. Prevalence data on posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and PTSD in adolescents aged 10 to 24 years following CTS exposure in Sub-Saharan Africa are lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to address this gap. We also synthesized evidence on other trauma-related mental disorders and moderators such as mean age, sex, country income, education level, PTSS/PTSD assessment tool, and recruitment method. A systematic literature search covering four databases yielded 460 papers that were screened for eligibility, with 10 studies included. Data were extracted and coded, and a meta-analysis of the pooled prevalence of clinically significant PTSS/PTSD was conducted. Results indicated a pooled prevalence of PTSS/PTSD of 32.0% (95% CI: 20.7% to 46.0%). Country income (World Bank category) and type of assessment (clinician-administered vs. self-report) significantly moderated the prevalence of PTSS/PTSD. Further research is needed to not only measure CTS as an exposure but also as a response separate from PTSS/PTSD among adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, research is needed to determine the validity, reliability, and cultural relevance of CTS response measures. Such studies will help in better understanding the psychosocial impact of CTS exposure on adolescents and inform the development of future interventions. Detailed data on the prevalence of PTSS/PTSD and moderators thereof following CTS exposure in Sub-Saharan Africa are sparse. Further studies are needed to characterize CTS-related comorbidities and related phenomena in adolescents living under conditions of CTS exposure and to optimize evidence-based interventions.

This systematic review and meta-analysis was a study that enquired into the prevalence and epidemiology of depression in university students in Pakistan, between 2000 and 2025. Depression is a significant global mental illness with high prevalence in young adulthood. University students are the most susceptible to this risk because of the factors related to it, i.e., academic stress, financial hardships, social pressure, and cultural stigma of mental illness. Although the concerns have been on the increase, the prevalence rates of depression have been widely varied among Pakistani students, with some studies reporting as low as 2.5% to as high as 85%, primarily because of the sampling techniques, assessment instruments, and geographical settings. The present review is based on the findings of 35 studies involving over 11,000 students and suggests that the prevalence rate is approximately 51% in a pooled form, meaning that about 50% of university students in Pakistan are subjected to depressive symptoms. The high level of heterogeneity of the selected studies highlights the acute necessity of the formulation of a standard-based diagnostic criteria and culturally competent mental health assessment instruments. Moreover, systemic challenges, such as the shortage of trained mental health professionals and the general unawareness of the disorder, are continuing to affect the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder at an early stage. According to the results, the necessity of a multi-faceted approach toward mental health, including the establishment of counseling facilities in universities, the development of stress management training, and the federal stigma-reduction campaign, is pressing. The most significant elements of enhancing the well-being of students and the mental health landscape of Pakistan as a whole are early intervention and empowering mental health infrastructure.

The heligmosomid nematodes Heligmosomum mixtum and Heligmosomoides glareoli are dominant helminths infecting bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) in the temperate forests of NE Poland. Both are relatively long-lived species that accumulate in hosts with increasing host age. Based on studies showing that the closely related species, Heligmosomoides bakeri is immunomodulatory in murine hosts, we hypothesized that heligmosomid-infected bank voles should show higher prevalence and abundance with other helminths. To test this hypothesis, we analysed a database containing quantitative data on helminth parasites of bank voles (n = 922), comprising worm burdens recorded during 4 surveys, conducted at 3- to 4-year intervals, in 3 forest sites, during late summer of each year. After controlling for both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, the presence of heligmosomid nematodes was significantly associated with higher species richness of other helminth species, with the greater likelihood of voles carrying other helminth species, with higher worm burdens of other helminths and with significant positive covariance of heligmosomid burdens with those of other concurrently residing helminths. These patterns might be explained by a number of biological processes, including correlated host exposure or correlated host susceptibility not driven by the parasitic infections themselves. However, we consider it most likely that these results are consistent with the idea that like H. bakeri, the heligmosomid nematodes of bank voles employ non-specific immunomodulation to facilitate their own long-term survival, with the consequence that other concurrently infecting intestinal helminths benefit.