This work proposes an integrated pulse transmitter with polarization reconfigurability. A reconfigurable pulse-triggered network is designed and seamlessly integrated with a dual-polarized radiator within the compact transmitter structure. This integration allows the radiator to sequentially perform DC charge accumulation, pulse oscillation, and radiation during each pulse cycle. Moreover, the reconfigurable pulse-triggered network introduces two operating modes, enabling the pulse transmitter to switch between different polarization states. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed pulse transmitter can directly convert DC energy into radiated pulses with switchable polarization modes. The pulse signal with a peak-to-peak voltage of 1.6 V is received in the −45° polarization direction at 1.5 m under mode 1, and switches to +45° polarization with a peak-to-peak voltage of 1.6 V under mode 2.

We introduce a relaxation of stability, called almost sure stability, which is insensitive to perturbations by subsets of Loeb measure $0$ in a non-standard finite group. We show that almost sure stability satisfies a stationarity principle in the sense of geometric stability theory for measure-independent elements. We apply this principle to deduce the existence of squares in dense almost surely stable subsets of Cartesian products of non-standard finite groups, possibly non-abelian. Our results imply qualitative asymptotic versions for Cartesian products of finite groups. In the final section, we establish the existence of $3\times 2$-grids (and thus of L-shapes) in dense almost surely stable two-dimensional subsets of finite abelian groups of odd order.

This paper presents a novel compact substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna that can be utilized for several applications, such as fifth generation (5 G), internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and medical applications. Six antennas are designed. In addition, there are single SIW, 2 × 1 arrays, and 4 × 1 arrays with and without slots. The proposed feeding method is implemented to create a slot antenna array with incorporating KS connector. The proposed designs target the 25–28 GHz band, covering up to 3 GHz of bandwidth depending on the configuration. The structures are designed and simulated using a numerical technique package (CST). The simulation results demonstrate that the SIW antenna array functions efficiently in terms of the gain, return loss, and radiation patterns. Furthermore, the proposed structures have a total volume of 62 mm × 55 mm × 0.508 mm. In conclusion, the experimental results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed antenna is in good agreement with the simulations. Moreover, the gain increased from 8.5 dBi for the single SIW antenna to 14.7 dBi for the four-element array at 26 GHz, indicating a 72.9% improvement.

This study has investigated the relationship between the gut microbiota composition and the growth performance in pigs from birth to the finishing stage, focusing on nutrient metabolism. Of fifty-nine crossbred pigs [(Landrace × Large Yorkshire) × Duroc] from seven sows, individuals with high and low daily gain (DG) were assigned to high DG (HDG, n 11) and low DG (LDG, n 8) groups. Faecal samples collected at weaning (21 d), growing (95–106 d) and finishing (136–152 d) stages were analysed for amino acids, SCFA and microbial composition using 16S rRNA sequencing. Although birth and weaning weights were similar in both groups, the HDG group had significantly higher weights in the growing and finishing stages (P < 0·01). The microbial composition of the LDG group revealed a higher abundance of f_Lachnospiraceae;__ at weaning (P < 0·05), whereas the HDG group contained a higher abundance of g_Streptococcus and g_Prevotella 7 at the finishing stage (P < 0·05). Functional analysis revealed increased amino acid metabolism in the HDG group at the finishing stage (P < 0·05). During the growing stage, total free faecal amino acid content was low in the HDG group (P < 0·05); at weaning, levels of isobutyric and isovaleric acids, key amino acid fermentation products (P < 0·05, P < 0·01), were higher. These findings indicate growth stage-specific differences in the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles between groups with different growth performance, suggesting that microbial and metabolic characteristics may influence growth performance.

This study systematically evaluates the effects of probiotic interventions on gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in diabetic patients to determine the optimal target population and conditions for effective use, with an emphasis on precision treatment. A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), and Wanfang databases until April 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing probiotics as adjunctive therapy for diabetes were included. The control group received standard care, and the intervention group received probiotics alongside standard care. Data were managed with Endnote and Excel, and analyses were conducted using Revman 5.3 and Stata 16. Twelve RCTs involving 1113 participants were included. Probiotics significantly increased fecal Lactobacillus (standardized mean difference (SMD) 1.42, P < 0.0001, I2 = 95 %) and Bifidobacterium levels (SMD 1.27, P < 0.0001, I2; = 90 %) and reduced fasting plasma glucose (SMD −0.35, P = 0.004). Subgroup analysis showed that shorter intervention durations (≤ 3 months) improved FPG, HbA1c, and Bifidobacterium levels, while younger patients (≤ 60 years) experienced the most significant improvements in Bifidobacterium levels. In conclusion, probiotics improve gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in diabetic patients, with intervention duration and patient age as key factors influencing treatment effectiveness.

One of the challenges in measuring the adsorption of metal cations is that they may form metal hydroxide compounds at certain pH ranges. This becomes problematic when adsorption is quantified in terms of measuring a decrease in metal ions in solution, because metal hydroxy complexes are removed from solution through precipitation, leading to erroneously high determinations of adsorption. Within this context, the present study aimed to analyze the pH-dependent adsorption behavior of Ni2+ ions onto sepiolite, a naturally occurring magnesium silicate clay mineral, while simultaneously accounting for the precipitation of nickel compounds during the process. For this purpose, zeta potential, ion exchange capacity, and the adsorption behavior of 2.5×10–3 mol L–1 nickel (II) sulfate hexahydrate onto relatively high-quality sepiolite were investigated. Kinetic studies and thermodynamic assessments were delineated to enhance the understanding of adsorption isotherms, both for future research and practical applications in environmental remediation. The results showed that the adsorption of Ni2+ ions onto sepiolite before the onset of precipitation is governed by an ion exchange process involving the release of Mg2+ ions from the sepiolite matrix and the uptake of Ni2+ ions from the solution. Above the threshold of pH ~8 where Ni-hydroxide complexes begin to form, ~97% of nickel ions were present in the forms of NiOH+, Ni(OH)2, and Ni(OH)3–. Isotherms for total Ni2+ removal were constructed to distinguish true adsorption from precipitation phenomena. The calculated and experimental values for true adsorption were found to be in good agreement.

The present article aims to assess the relationship between the mass exodus of Iranian Christians and the Hispanic world, widening the analytical lens on early 20th-century Iranian migrations. Specifically, the study draws parallels between the humanitarian efforts of the Spanish diplomats during the Turkish occupation of northwestern Persia in 1918 and the subsequent arrival and settlement of Assyrians and Armenians in Argentina in the early decades of the twentieth century. Although numerous publications address the early Iranian diaspora and Iran during the World War I, little scholarly work examines Spain’s humanitarian role in this context or the history of the Iranian diaspora in Latin America. This finding underscores the notion that, in addition to the prominent international actors that have historically been the focus of scholarly inquiry—namely, the United States, France, Great Britain, Germany, and Russia—smaller countries also played a significant role in the events that transpired in Iran during those years. Furthermore, this study highlights the Iranian diaspora’s expansion to distant regions, such as Argentina, which has not been extensively researched in the context of Iranian studies. This comprehensive approach serves to broaden our understanding of the global history of Iran in the early twentieth century.

Beliefs in evil spirits and the practice of deliverance from supernatural forces have been widespread throughout history. Many psychological and physical afflictions have been attributed to involuntary demonic possession. Traditional remedies, for those reporting inhabitation by evil spirits, can involve exorcism believed to expel such forces. Similar beliefs may be symptomatic of major mental illness and treatments namely medication and psychotherapy, are frequently recommended. An increasingly secular western world is also seeing growth in non-denominational Christian churches and other faiths, who accept spirit possession and exorcism. Culturally competent mental health professionals, seeking to understand their patients’ world view, may struggle with exorcism, seeing it as an interference to conventional treatment. They may be being unwilling thus to attempt differentiation between possession and mental illness. This paper explores the diversity of views on this topic and points of contention and overlap. The risks and cautions necessary in approaching this issue are stressed.

Substance use disorders and addictions are mental disorders deeply interconnected with other psychiatric conditions – and this connection is of fundamental importance. Although addictions are formally recognized as mental health disorders, they are often not addressed as such in research or clinical practice. Psychiatric research, clinical care, and treatment development remain largely organized along traditional diagnostic boundaries. While diagnostic classifications provide structure and clinical utility, it is increasingly evident that psychiatric diagnoses are neither fully separable nor independent entities. Despite extensive discussion on comorbidity, addictions are frequently excluded from broader conceptualizations of the intertwined nature of mental disorders. Yet, they share substantial commonalities with other psychiatric conditions across clinical presentation, psychopathology, genetic vulnerability, neurobiological mechanisms, socioenvironmental risk factors, and treatment strategies. Maintaining a conceptual divide between addictions and other psychiatric disorders reinforces diagnostic “tunnel vision,” constraining our understanding of neuropsychopathology and contributing to persistent gaps in care and treatment accessibility. This narrative review examines the overlapping risk factors, clinical features, and therapeutic approaches that link addictions with other mental disorders. We argue that advancing psychiatric research and nosology requires a deliberate acknowledgement of these transdiagnostic overlaps and shared mechanisms. The challenge is particularly evident in the understanding and treatment of dual disorders. Progress will depend on integrative, collaborative frameworks that bridge scientific and clinical perspectives and foster dynamic feedback between empirical research and clinical practice. Recognizing mental disorders as interdependent systems may offer a more coherent and effective foundation for understanding and treatment.

Due to the high prevalence of depression among young adults, identifying prevention strategies during young adulthood are crucial. Dietary polyphenols have been associated with depression in older cohorts; however, the association remains unclear, particularly in young adults. This study aimed to assess the prospective association between the intake of total polyphenols, polyphenol classes, and polyphenol subclasses with depressive symptoms in young adults. Data from 1,484 Raine Study Generation 2 participants [52.7% female; baseline mean age (SD): 20 (0.5)] at the -20, -22, and -27 year follow-ups (N = 964, 979, and 1,094, respectively), with overlap across follow-ups, were used. Energy-adjusted polyphenol intake was estimated from food frequency questionnaire data using our expansion of the AUSNUT 2011-13 and Phenol-Explorer to include polyphenol content data and categorised into quartiles. The primary outcome was self-reported depressive symptoms assessed via the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale averaged across the three timepoints. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess the association between the polyphenol intake exposures and depressive symptoms. Sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle- and health-related behaviours were adjusted for. Participants in the highest quartiles for flavonol and hydroxybenzoic acid intake had lower depressive symptoms across time than participants in the lowest quartiles [flavonols (Q4 v Q1 mean difference: -1.41, 95%CIs: -2.51, -0.31); hydroxybenzoic acids (Q4 v Q1: -1.42, 95%CIs: -2.54, -0.29)]. We found no evidence of a highest versus lowest association for all other polyphenol categories. Future studies are required to investigate whether increasing polyphenol intake could protect against depression in young adults.

This paper argues that, far from supporting, an oft-cited passage of the Phenomena and Noumena chapter (A247/B303) instead belies, Allison’s influential thesis that Kant’s transcendental idealism is not an ‘alternative ontology’ but a methodological or meta-epistemological ‘alternative to ontology’ that is devoid of specific metaphysical content. Following a programmatic sketch of Kant’s system of principles as a regional ontology of nature, it is argued that the precise wording and original punctuation of that passage suggest that the transcendentally realist ontologies of the past are to ‘give way’ to just such an immanent ontology of the world of outer experience.