This article presents a new account of Richard Simon's work as a biblical translator. Having first contextualised Simon's views on the vernacular Bible in the contested world of late seventeenth-century French Catholic biblical translation, it then examines how they were engaged with and disputed by contemporaries (in particular, Antoine Arnauld). It contends that Simon's novelty did not consist in applying history and philology to the Bible in order to reach a confessionally neutral version, but rather in reconceptualising the relationship between multiple legitimate biblical translations to craft a new form of Catholic vernacular Bible.

Relations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire during the Safavid era were never free of tension, even when there was peace between the two states. In peacetime, both powers secretly and closely monitored the other's movements, either in anticipation of or in preparation for attacks. Due to the destruction of Safavid archives, there is little documentary information in Iranian archives about Iranian-Ottoman relations in the period, forcing us to rely mainly on chronicles and travelogues. However, the Ottoman Mühimme Defterleri (Registers of Important Affairs), which contain a copy of all royal decrees and orders, are a very valuable source for the study of these tense and unstable relations from the Ottoman perspective. According to these registers, upon the coming to power of Shah Ismāʿīl II, the Ottoman government publicly upheld and respected the terms of the Amasya Peace Treaty, while secretly looking for a pretext to resume war against Iran. The question is, however, why the Ottomans did not attack Iran immediately after Ismāʿīl II's accession to the throne. Was it due, as some sources claim, to the bravery Shah Ismāʿīl had previously shown in action against the Ottomans? By examining and analyzing the Mühimme Registers of this period, the authors of the present paper demonstrate that the Ottomans had plans to invade Iran and occupy parts of its territory at the beginning of Ismāʿīl II's accession, but their military campaign was thwarted by the lack of opportunities during the short period of the Safavid king's rule.

Modern English policing arose from crime, laws, and demands for social order, but this perspective further introduces matters of philosophy that ties political liberty to political economy as being less recognized but equally powerful contributors. Shown here is how civic republican political economy (1600–1750) policing lost favor to laissez-faire utilitarian preferences (1750–1829) and helped produce more civic democratic policing. Through this perspective, it shows that Sir Robert Peel’s 1829 police were really centuries in the making.

Our world is mobile. People move, either within the state or from one state to another, to access opportunities, to improve their living conditions, or to start afresh. Yet, we usually assume that migration is an exceptional activity that leads to permanent settlement. In this paper, I invite us to reconsider this assumption. First, I analyse several ways in which people experience mobility in contemporary societies. Then, I turn to migration, as a specific form of mobility. I distinguish between a legal/administrative, a social, and a self-identification-based approach to migration, demonstrating that they lead to divergent definitions of who is a migrant. I proceed by introducing the concept of mobile migration and by developing a typology of mobile migrants. I conclude that, in order to devise migration policies that treat migrants fairly, a careful consideration of the claims and interests of the different types of mobile migrants is necessary.

As the proportion of the elderly population in the USA expands, so will the demand for rehabilitation and social care, which play an important role in maintaining function and mediating motor and cognitive decline in older adults. The use of social robotics and telemedicine are each potential solutions but each have limitations. To address challenges with classical telemedicine for rehabilitation, we propose to use a social robot-augmented telepresence (SRAT), Flo, which was deployed for long-term use in a community-based rehabilitation facility catering to older adults. Our goals were to explore how clinicians and patients would use and respond to the robot during rehab interactions. In this pilot study, three clinicians were recruited and asked to rate usability after receiving training for operating the robot and two of them conducted multiple rehab interactions with their patients using the robot (eleven patients with cognitive impairment and/or motor impairment and 23 rehab sessions delivered via SRAT in total). We report on the experience of both therapists and patients after the interactions.

In this research letter, we examine whether gender and racial bias affect interruption rates at one of the most visible events in American politics: US Supreme Court confirmation hearings. Using original data from 1939 to 2022, we find that male and white participants are more likely to interrupt women and person of color speakers, respectively, relative to male and white speakers. This finding holds for both senators and nominees as interrupters. Our results provide evidence that biased interruptive behavior occurs in even the most public and salient of political settings and that it can be mitigated (or intensified) by shared (or opposite) partisanship among speaking pairs. We also find interruption inequalities are not isolated to women as the interrupted, revealing that people of color in political and legal settings are subject to heightened rates of interruptions as well.

The interface performance between clay–sand mixtures and concrete structures is governed by the mixture's composition and its physical properties. Moisture content and particle-size distribution play important roles in deciding the mixture's arrangement of soil particles, porosity, hydraulic conductivity and behaviour under various mechanical loadings. Application of a polymer interfacial coating can improve the bond performance between soils and concrete mainly via interfacial friction/mechanical interlocking. The present work analyses the development of interfacial strength between clay–sand mixtures and a polymer coating with changes in particle gradation. The multi-scale mechanisms at the interface are investigated, giving primary attention to soil porosity. A 50:50 clay–sand mixture exhibited a greater interfacial adhesive performance compared to other soil mixtures. In addition, the moisture-controlled pores and gradation-controlled pores demonstrated differences in macroscale interfacial strength. Both mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and 129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were utilized to detect the pore structure of the mixtures. 129Xe-NMR revealed the pore distribution of the mixtures as ranging from macropores to nanopores, and MIP complemented the pore information by determining the critical pore entry diameter in the macropore regime. Mesopores dominated with increasing fine sand content until a threshold value was reached; thereafter, merging of pores occurred and macropores dominated.

We study the problem of determining the holomorphic self maps of the unit disc that induce a bounded composition operator on Dirichlet-type spaces. We find a class of symbols $\varphi $ that induce a bounded composition operator on the Dirichlet-type spaces, by applying results of the multidimensional theory of composition operators for the weighted Bergman spaces of the bi-disc.

The floating dendrochronological sequence of pine wood from Józefowo, N. Poland was expected to cover the ∼660 BC radiocarbon (14C) excursion. The sequence was radiocarbon dated using the OxCal wiggle matching procedure and the IntCal20 calibration curve. 14C concentrations were measured in one-year α-cellulose samples from around 660 BC. The published data on the ∼660 BC 14C excursion from Grabie, Poland were used to absolute date the Józefowo chronology with 1-year accuracy. The results confirm the occurrence of a rapid increase in Δ14C in 664/663 BC and its potential to be used as a fixing point for floating dendrochronological sequences.

We prove that there exists an algorithm for determining whether two piecewise-linear spatial graphs are isomorphic. In its most general form, our theorem applies to spatial graphs furnished with vertex colourings, edge colourings and/or edge orientations.

We first show that spatial graphs admit canonical decompositions into blocks, that is, spatial graphs that are non-split and have no cut vertices, in a suitable topological sense. Then, we apply a result of Haken and Matveev in order to algorithmically distinguish these blocks.

This article explores the wide range of responses to Persian polymath and poet ‘Omar Khayyām (d. ca. 526/1132) in Ottoman and Turkish literary sources. A great number of intellectuals, past and present, translated Khayyām's famed quatrains into Turkish, albeit with differing motivations regarding subject, style, message, and literary reception. Social critics like Abdullah Cevdet employed Khayyām's quatrains as a vehicle for proving that liberal and progressive mindsets were accommodated in classical Islam. On the other hand, literary scholars like Rıza Tevfik [Bölükbaşı], Ḥüseyin Dāniş, and Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı chose to focus on the intellectual origins of Khayyām's thought, as well as on his connections to Islamic philosophical traditions. In the first decades of the Turkish Republic, there was another wave of interest in Khayyām's quatrains related to prosody, message, and what his legacy and poetic disposition represented with regard to the Islamic past. Whereas poets like Yahya Kemal and Âsaf Hâlet Çelebi regarded him as a paragon of libertine lyrics and Sufi mysticism, Turkish leftist intellectuals such as Nâzım Hikmet, Sabahattin Eyuboğlu, and A. Kadir set him as a socialist or materialist humanist who was a staunch critic of religious bigotry and fanaticism.

In view of the fact that the current research on active and passive rehabilitation training of lower limbs is mainly based on the analysis of exoskeleton prototype and the lack of analysis of the actual movement law of limbs, the human-machine coupling dynamic characteristics for active rehabilitation training of lower limbs are studied. In this paper, the forward and inverse kinematics are solved on the basis of innovatively integrating the lower limb and rehabilitation prototype into a human-machine integration system and equivalent to a five-bar mechanism. According to the constraint relationship of hip joint, knee joint and ankle joint, the Lagrange dynamic equation and simulation model of five-bar mechanism under the constraint of human physiological joint motion are constructed, and the simulation problem of closed-loop five-bar mechanism is solved. The joint angle experimental system was built to carry out rehabilitation training experiments to analyze the relationship between lower limb error and height, weight and BMI, and then, a personalized training planning method suitable for people with different lower limb sizes was proposed. The reliability of the method is proved by experiments. Therefore, we can obtain the law of limb movement on the basis of traditional rehabilitation training, appropriately reduce the training speed or reduce the man-machine position distance and reduce the training speed or increase the man-machine distance to reduce the error to obtain the range of motion angle closer to the theory of hip joint and knee joint respectively, so as to achieve better rehabilitation.

Liberal views of civil disobedience that emerged in the 1960s and ’70s can only be properly interpreted with recourse to the complicated history of the early civil rights movement's selective appropriation of the labor sit-downs of the 1930s. This essay addresses the messy but basically successful effort by civil rights sit-inners and the lawyers who defended them to circumvent the repressive state and legal response—especially the US Supreme Court ruling in National Labor Relations Board v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation (1939)—that the 1930s sit-downers garnered. My reexamination of the sit-ins places influential liberal ideas about civil disobedience in a fresh light. In his influential theory of civil disobedience, John Rawls mirrored key features of the politically and legally savvy strategy of delinking the lunch counter sit-ins from the workplace sit-downs. The result was a somewhat restrictive view of civil disobedience that sidelined matters of economic justice.

We construct and study the moduli of stable hypersurfaces in toric orbifolds. Let X be a projective toric orbifold and $\alpha \in \operatorname{Cl}(X)$ an ample class. The moduli space is constructed as a quotient of the linear system $|\alpha|$ by $G = \operatorname{Aut}(X)$. Since the group G is non-reductive in general, we use new techniques of non-reductive geometric invariant theory. Using the A-discriminant of Gelfand, Kapranov and Zelevinsky, we prove semistability for quasismooth hypersurfaces of toric orbifolds. Further, we prove the existence of a quasi-projective moduli space of quasismooth hypersurfaces in a weighted projective space when the weighted projective space satisfies a certain condition. We also discuss how to proceed when this condition is not satisfied. We prove that the automorphism group of a quasismooth hypersurface of weighted projective space is finite excluding some low degrees.