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High cognitive activity possibly reduces the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
Aims
To investigate associations between an individual's need to engage in cognitively stimulating activities (need for cognition, NFC) and structural brain damage and cognitive functioning in the Dutch general population with and without existing cognitive impairment.
Method
Cross-sectional data were used from the population-based cohort of the Maastricht Study. NFC was measured using the Need For Cognition Scale. Cognitive functioning was tested in three domains: verbal memory, information processing speed, and executive functioning and attention. Values 1.5 s.d. below the mean were defined as cognitive impairment. Standardised volumes of white matter hyperintensities (WMH), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and presence of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) were derived from 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Multiple linear and binary logistic regression analyses were used adjusted for demographic, somatic and lifestyle factors.
Results
Participants (n = 4209; mean age 59.06 years, s.d. = 8.58; 50.1% women) with higher NFC scores had higher overall cognition scores (B = 0.21, 95% CI 0.17–0.26, P < 0.001) and lower odds for CSVD (OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.60–0.91, P = 0.005) and cognitive impairment (OR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.48–0.76, P < 0.001) after adjustment for demographic, somatic and lifestyle factors. The association between NFC score and cognitive functioning was similar for individuals with and without prevalent cognitive impairment. We found no significant association between NFC and WMH or CSF volumes.
Conclusions
A high need to engage in cognitively stimulating activities is associated with better cognitive functioning and less presence of CSVD and cognitive impairment. This suggests that, in middle-aged individuals, motivation to engage in cognitively stimulating activities may be an opportunity to improve brain health.
I am very grateful to Antiquity for asking me to read and write a review article of these two volumes. Together they provide an integrated picture of trends in recent years on the themes of mobility and ethnicity in late prehistoric and early historic Europe. Topics, chronology and regional focus are different, if not often opposed, in each book but the reader can easily catch the common ground for further reflection.
The GINI project investigates the dynamics of inequality among populations over the long term by synthesising global archaeological housing data. This project brings archaeologists together from around the world to assess hypotheses concerning the causes and consequences of inequality that are of relevance to contemporary societies globally.
Despite the evidence of the benefits of improvisation in instrumental teaching, research indicates that many piano teachers do not include it in their lessons. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences on piano teachers’ pedagogy to determine what factors impacted the teaching of improvisation. A total of 117 UK-based piano teachers participated in the survey. The data obtained indicates that an understanding of how to teach improvisation is a significant influence on teachers’ pedagogy. The conclusion argues that there is a need for piano teachers to have greater access to instrumental teaching courses to encourage them to reflect on their teaching practice.
Joseph Stalin and the Soviet party leadership launched a major propaganda campaign in 1931 that called for a new approach to Soviet history, not only for scholars and pedagogues but for society as a whole. A veritable “search for a usable past,” this initiative was to bolster the authority and legitimacy of the state and rally the population together in patriotic unity by connecting the prerevolutionary past to the Stalinist present. When this new historical line was finally unveiled in 1937, it challenged earlier Soviet sloganeering on subjects like nationalism, imperialism, and colonialism. This article examines how Stalin attempted to reconcile his new “usable past” with these other ideological priorities, focusing on a case study of the so-called Ukrainian question within the context of the USSR’s broader reevaluation of tsarist-era imperialism and colonial policy.
The present study investigates the flame dynamics of a contactless burning fuel droplet under free fall subjected to a co-flow. The dynamic external relative flow established due to co-flow and droplet acceleration results in a series of droplet flame transitions. Different flame structures were observed, including a wake flame, reversed wake flame and enveloped flame. Following ignition, the droplet is allowed to fall through the central tube of a co-flow arrangement, and, at its exit, the droplet flame encounters the co-flow. The wake flame, which was established based on the droplet's instantaneous velocity of descent, encounters the abrupt relative velocity jump due to the co-flow. This causes the droplet flame to go through various transitions as it approaches equilibrium with the surrounding flow. Once it equilibrates, the droplet flame evolves in response to the instantaneous relative flow velocity. The droplet flame evolves by altering both its shape and the stabilization mechanism. Two stabilization mechanisms were identified for the droplet wake flame: edge-flame stabilization and bluff-body stabilization. The stabilization mechanism for different flame structures and the transition events have been theoretically analysed, and the relation between flame shape evolution and flow velocity has been determined based on the flow-field characteristics at the corresponding Re (Reynolds number) range. Furthermore, these correlations are employed in a mathematical formulation based on the spring–mass analogy, which predicts the droplet flame evolution after encountering the co-flow, including all the transition events.
The article analyzes the role of Ukrainian associations on construction of immigrant identity in Turkey at the intersection of diaspora politics and diaspora-lived experiences. Ukrainian immigrant associations – whose numbers and members rapidly increased after Russia’s annexation of Crimea – became critical players in immigrants’ ethno-national identity construction. This aligned with the Ukrainian government’s changing diaspora policy and shaped immigrants’ relationship with the homeland. The associations, therefore, facilitated diaspora activism from above and below. These associations are mainly engaged in activities related to the teaching of Ukrainian language, history, and culture so that immigrants can distinguish themselves from Russians and discover their own uniqueness. They also consider the migrant status of Ukrainians in Turkey and develop an awareness of ethno-national identity by negotiating transnational identities.
This paper presents a genealogy of the passport in international law. For the most part, the origins of our contemporary mobility order are narrated from the vantage point of the grand principles of sovereignty, hospitality, and liberty. The nuts and bolts through which people access mobility – passports and visas – are generally understood to be the natural, inevitable, and fair by-products of these principles. This paper contributes to existing debates on the coloniality of international migration law by examining the universalization of the passport under the League of Nations. I argue that the universalization of the passport meant abandoning the old idea that the rights of free movement belonged to everyone and, instead, instituted a system that ranks human mobility based on national origins. Theoretically, it is proposed that attention to these “lowly” practices of mobility governance allows us to track the afterlives of race in the international order.
Fog oases (lomas) present pockets of verdant vegetation within the arid coastal desert of Andean South America and archaeological excavation within some of the oases has revealed a long history of human exploitation of these landscapes. Yet lomas settlements are under-represented in archaeological datasets due to their tendency to be located in remote inter-valley areas. Here, the authors employ satellite imagery survey to map the locations of anthropogenic surface features along the central Peruvian coast. They observe two categories of archaeological features, large corrals and clustered structures, and document a concentration of settlement features within lomas landscapes that suggests a pre-Hispanic preference for both short- and long-term occupation of these verdant oases.
In the Andean highlands, hilltop fortifications known as pukaras are common. Dating predominantly to the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000–1450), pukaras are important to archaeological characterisations of a political landscape shaped by conflict but the distribution of these key sites is not well understood. Here, the authors employ systematic satellite imagery survey to provide a contiguous picture of pukara distribution on an inter-regional scale covering 151 103km2 in the south-central highlands of Peru. They highlight the effectiveness of such survey at identifying pukaras and capturing regional variability in size and residential occupation, and the results demonstrate that satellite surveys of high-visibility sites can tackle research questions at larger scales of analysis than have previously been possible.
As ice recedes, the governance of the Arctic is undergoing a significant change. What was once considered a frozen desert with little relevance to the legal system, the Arctic has gradually become a global object of governance. Furthermore, the growing political salience of the Arctic Ocean has generated interest in its governance beyond Arctic states, particularly Asian states such as China, India, Japan, Singapore and South Korea. These countries have been actively participating in regional cooperation arrangements, including the Arctic Council. Undoubtedly, science diplomacy has been an important driver in shaping the governance of the Arctic and maintaining it as a low-tension area. However, this perception is now being put to the test following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Amidst this crisis, we explore whether science diplomacy can continue to promote peaceful collaboration in the Arctic region. Our research suggests that science diplomacy could potentially aid in the future of Arctic governance, particularly with regard to the involvement of Asian states. We analyse the legal and geopolitical factors involved in determining the potential roles of Asian states in Arctic governance, including whether they could serve as a bridge between the West and Russia or if their actions might further fragment Arctic governance.
This article provides a narrative about archival research experience in Sierra Leone as the coronavirus outbreak spread globally in early 2020. Coincidentally, the research concerned the country’s history of epidemics since 1787, when Freetown, its first city, accommodated freed Blacks repatriated from Britain and the Americas. As Sierra Leone prepared for another disease outbreak after Ebola in 2014, leaving or staying in Freetown (after seven months into a ten-month Fulbright US Scholar term) had health and research outcomes at stake. Historicizing the pandemic while engaging personal/social memory in historical accounts, the article highlights containment measures adopted against epidemics/pandemics across time.
A cylinder immersed in a current and free to translate along a circular arc is considered to investigate the impact of path curvature on the flow-induced vibrations (FIV) occurring without structural restoring force. Path curvature magnitude ($\kappa$, inverse of path radius non-dimensionalized by the body diameter $D$) is varied from $0$ (transverse rectilinear path) to $20$, over a wide range of values of the structure to displaced fluid mass ratio, $m^\star \in [0.05,10]$. The exploration is carried out numerically at subcritical and postcritical values of the Reynolds number ($Re$, based on $D$ and the inflow velocity), i.e. below and above the critical value $47$ for the onset of flow unsteadiness when the body is fixed, up to $100$. Path curvature triggers a desynchronized regime of the flow–body system in addition to the synchronized regime typical of vortex-induced vibrations, and alters the composition of fluid forcing. The most prominent effect uncovered here is, however, a global enhancement of FIV, with three principal results: (i) vibrations and flow unsteadiness are found to arise at lower subcritical $Re$ along a curved path, down to $19.5$ versus $31$ for $\kappa =0$; (ii) the $m^\star$ range where substantial responses develop is considerably extended and encompasses the entire interval under study, which contrasts with the narrow band of low $m^\star$ identified for $\kappa =0$; (iii) the vibrations are amplified, $+45\,\%$ relative to the peak amplitude measured along a rectilinear path at $Re =100$.