The rapid proliferation of digital technologies has ushered in a new epoch replete with unprecedented challenges about safeguarding personal privacy and the unauthorized dissemination of intimate images. This article explores the intricate legal landscape encompassing the Indian Penal Code, Information Technology Act, Digital Personal Data Protection Act and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill. This analytical pursuit casts a gaze upon the imperative task of addressing the non-consensual dissemination of intimate images within the contours of the digital milieu. This article comprehensively explores the potential repercussions of digital transgressions, laying bare the seismic impacts on individuals’ privacy, inherent dignity and psychological well-being. More than a mere exploration, this paper unfurls a roadmap for conceptualizing a holistic and productive legal framework in India – uniquely attuned to tackling the complex challenge of non-consensual dissemination of intimate images. Embedded within this endeavour are methodically derived recommendations, conceived upon the bedrock of meticulous dissection of pertinent legal provisions, nuanced analysis of case law and astute juxtapositions with international approaches to analogous predicaments. The overarching objective herein is to propel the evolution of a legal edifice that transcends the constraints of the digital epoch by forging a harmonious amalgamation of its principles with the bedrock tenets of human rights. At the heart of this scholarly endeavour lies an unswerving commitment – to secure and uphold individuals’ sanctified digital privacy inviolability. The ultimate goal is to erect formidable safeguards that staunchly shield individuals from the consequences concomitant with encroachments upon their digital sanctums. Through this concerted initiative, the pursuit of a legal landscape that is not only equitable and reasonable but also at pace with the dynamic digitalization landscape stands foregrounded. This work is thus a clarion call that echoes the need for continuous refinement in the pursuit of justice within the digital echelons of our society.

Soft sets were introduced as a means to study objects that are not defined in an absolute way and have found applications in numerous areas of mathematics, decision theory, and in statistical applications. Soft topological spaces were first considered in Shabir and Naz ((2011). Computers & Mathematics with Applications 61 (7) 1786–1799) and soft separation axioms for soft topological spaces were studied in El-Shafei et al. ((2018). Filomat 32 (13) 4755–4771), El-Shafei and Al-Shami ((2020). Computational and Applied Mathematics 39 (3) 1–17), Al-shami ((2021). Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021). In this paper, we introduce the effective versions of soft separation axioms. Specifically, we focus our attention on computable u-soft and computable p-soft separation axioms and investigate various relations between them. We also compare the effective and classical versions of these soft separation axioms.

Has Visual International Relations (IR) become too distant from the content of visual artefacts? This is a paradoxical question. Visual IR is a vibrant and pluralist field exploring visuals in innumerable ways. Nonetheless, the field tends to focus on ‘deep’ readings of the socio-political implications of visual artefacts at the expense of a close and attentive observation and description of the events, situations, or phenomena they may depict. Simply put, visual IR usually analyses visuals-as-visuals rather than seeing them as entry points for studying the social world. But might a video of torture teach us something about the practicality of torture? Might a video of peace negotiations teach us something about their successes or failures? Can we gain a fleeting glimpse of ‘reality’ within visuals? We address these questions by first situating our focus on close ‘visual (data) observation’ in conceptual conversation with the literature’s existing focus on deep interpretation. Second, we outline three approaches to visual observation as they are deployed outside IR. Third, we unpack how those approaches might be of value for IR, especially vis-à-vis the study of practice, materiality, and discourse. Finally, we conclude by asking if visual data observation can retain critical political potentiality.

In A Treatise of Human Nature, David Hume claims that causes must temporally precede their effects. However, his main argument for this claim has long puzzled commentators. Indeed, most commentators have dismissed this argument as confused, but beyond this dismissal, the argument has provoked relatively little critical attention. My aim in this paper is to rectify this situation. In what follows, I (i) clarify the argument’s interpretive challenges, (ii) critique two existing interpretations of it, and (iii) offer my own improved interpretation. More generally, I hope to throw new light on this puzzling aspect of Hume’s philosophy.

The English language continues to function as a form of linguistic capital in former British colonies. Although previous studies on World English lexicon documented how and what English lexical items entered another language, few studies have been conducted to investigate the typology of lexical interaction between two postcolonial English varieties. This paper aims to describe how Cantonese-origin English culinary lexical terms were spread from either Hong Kong or Singapore, whilst illustrating the possible multitrajectory pathways of lexical interaction in the Cantophone world by demonstrating five types of translingual practices of food words with Cantonese roots. The lexical examples of food words discussed in this paper were taken from Instagram, Google Map, Google Search, Google Trends, and Oxford English Dictionary. Drawing on the theoretical notion of the ‘sunflower model’, this qualitative study argues that Sinograph (a logographic written system; also known as Honzi) is a space of mediation, which plays an influential role in shaping the trajectories of culinary lexical terms across multilingual Asia. Findings also suggest that individuals’ multilingual competencies and the bidirectional influences between two Sinitic varieties (Cantonese and Mandarin) could shape spelling variations and conventions in Asian Englishes.

The maternal metabolic environment can be detrimental to the health of the offspring. In a previous work, we showed that maternal high-fat (HH) feeding in rabbit induced sex-dependent metabolic adaptation in the fetus and led to metabolic syndrome in adult offspring. As early development representing a critical window of susceptibility, in the present work we aimed to explore the effects of the HH diet on the oocyte, preimplantation embryo and its microenvironment. In oocytes from females on HH diet, transcriptomic analysis revealed a weak modification in the content of transcripts mainly involved in meiosis and translational control. The effect of maternal HH diet on the embryonic microenvironment was investigated by identifying the metabolite composition of uterine and embryonic fluids collected in vivo by biomicroscopy. Metabolomic analysis revealed differences in the HH uterine fluid surrounding the embryo, with increased pyruvate concentration. Within the blastocoelic fluid, metabolomic profiles showed decreased glucose and alanine concentrations. In addition, the blastocyst transcriptome showed under-expression of genes and pathways involved in lipid, glucose and amino acid transport and metabolism, most pronounced in female embryos. This work demonstrates that the maternal HH diet disrupts the in vivo composition of the embryonic microenvironment, where the presence of nutrients is increased. In contrast to this nutrient-rich environment, the embryo presents a decrease in nutrient sensing and metabolism suggesting a potential protective process. In addition, this work identifies a very early sex-specific response to the maternal HH diet, from the blastocyst stage.

Non-judicial remedies for corporate human rights abuses have a viable and complementary role to judicial remedies in mature jurisdictions, although in Ukraine the ‘bouquet’ of effective remedies is more of a still-life. The national mediation community is gaining momentum and the authors argue that mediation may take place within state-based non-judicial remedies when institutionalized by the office of the Ombudsman. The objective of this article is to scrutinize the rule of law, access to justice, and the effectiveness criteria of the UNGPs with regard to mediation. The authors conclude that mediation can meet all of the effectiveness criteria requirements and special effort should be devoted to addressing the challenges of power imbalances between parties, the confidential nature of mediation and the public demand for transparency, to ensure that mediation outcomes are in accord with internationally recognized human rights. Based on the findings, the authors suggest that a state-based business and human rights mediation scheme, in line with the UNGPs’ effectiveness criteria, should have its own three pillars, namely, accessibility, availability and awareness, with quality assurance as its cornerstone.

The aims of the present study were to assess secular trends in breast-feeding and to explore associations between age at introduction of solid foods and breast-feeding duration. Data from three national dietary surveys in Norway were used, including infants born in 1998 (Spedkost 1, n 1537), 2006 (Spedkost 2, n 1490) and 2018 (Spedkost 3, n 1831). In all surveys, around 80 % of the infants were breastfed at 6 months of age. At 12 months of age, breast-feeding rate was 41 % in Spedkost 1, increasing to 48 % in Spedkost 2 and 51 % in Spedkost 3. Compared with earlier introduction, introduction of solid foods at ≥ 5 months of age was associated with a lower risk of breast-feeding cessation during the first year of life in the two most recent Spedkost surveys. In Spedkost 2, the adjusted hazard ratio for breast-feeding cessation during the first year of life for those introduced to solid foods at ≥ 5 months of age was 0·43 (95 % CI (0·31, 0·60)), P < 0·001, while the corresponding number in Spedkost 3 was 0·44 (95 % CI (0·29, 0·67)), P < 0·001. In conclusion, breast-feeding at infant age 12 months increased over time. Introduction of solid foods at ≥ 5 months of age was positively associated with breast-feeding duration in the two most recent Spedkost surveys. As breast-feeding contributes to numerous health benefits for infant and mother, and possibly improved dietary sustainability in infancy, findings point to the importance of continued protection, support and promotion of breast-feeding.

The northern Adriatic Sea is an important foraging ground for the loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) within the Mediterranean Sea. Here, stranding patterns of loggerhead sea turtles were examined over a four-year period (2019–2022) along a short (17 km) stretch of the Italian coast south of the Po River delta. A total of 355 records (alive, n = 24; dead, n = 331) were analysed, and the curved carapace lengths (CCL, notch to tip, cm) mainly reflected large juveniles and sub-adults (average CCL = 57.2 cm; 95% CI = 55.6–58.7). The month of July was identified as the critical month with the highest number of strandings, mirroring migratory processes towards this area during warmer months. The number of stranded turtles•km−1 as well as the absolute number of strandings along the short stretch of the coast might suggest this area as the most impacted in the Mediterranean Sea. This research emphasizes that human activities in the waters south of the Po River delta, particularly trawl fishing, are the primary cause of loggerhead sea turtle strandings and that tracking stranding patterns can offer valuable information about the geographic ranges, seasonal movements, and life cycles of this species.

My aim in this article is to provide an account of practical judgement, for Kant, that situates it within his theory of judgement as a whole – particularly, with regards to the distinction between the determining and reflecting use of judgement. I argue that practical judgement is a kind of determining judgement, but also one in which reflecting judgement plays a significant role. More specifically, I claim that practical judgement arises from the cooperation of the reflecting power of judgement with the faculty of reason – the former assisting the latter in the application of its principle. I conclude by considering a possible role for feeling in practical judgement.

Because economic outcomes depend on private-sector expectations, central banks might be tempted to guide these by publishing projections of key macroeconomic variables. We find that optimal projections require misleading the public. Optimal non-misleading projections are time-inconsistent. Non-misleading time-consistent projections can only improve policy outcomes if the public’s forecasts are noisier, or inconsistent with implemented policy. Since the public only has incentives to be guided by policymakers’ projections when most vulnerable to being mislead, these cannot be trusted blindly. Consistent with this, we find statistically significant systematic deviations between FOMC projections and professional forecasts for US inflation and GDP growth.

In this article, I argue that Du Bois’s Japan—despite displaying his myopic failure to critique non-Western imperialism—served as a potential model for his reimagining transnational democratic leadership beyond Western-centric models and their legacies of White supremacy and democratic despotism. Du Bois’s reflections from the 1890s to the 1960s generally demonstrate a sustained, seven decade-long fluid commitment to realizing a vision of transnational leadership that was accountable to the democratic masses, whether in Asia, Africa, the United States, or elsewhere. Such reflections hold importance now (even as they did in Du Bois’s time) as we continue to grapple with the legacies of Western “democratic” dominance, especially in international institutions designed to facilitate global governance.