Marine protected areas (MPAs) have proliferated to protect marine ecosystems and manage unsustainable fishing, but their outcomes vary by economic and governance contexts. Drawing on a panel dataset spanning 1995–2021 and employing the Pressure–State–Response framework, this study analyses how MPA coverage is associated with overexploited fish stocks and examines Official Development Assistance (ODA). Results show MPAs in high-income countries are associated with lower overexploited catch rates, reflecting robust governance. In low-income nations, however, limited capacity is often linked to ‘paper parks’ with negligible impact. Multi-purpose ODA – supporting sustainability goals – appears more effective than single-purpose ODA and is associated with better conservation outcomes. Integrating MPAs with fisheries management, supported by international assistance for enforcement, appears important for bridging disparities in effectiveness. By highlighting the interplay among economic conditions, governance and funding, this study offers higher-level insights into factors that shape MPA effectiveness, contributing to broader policy discussions on marine conservation.

Clozapine remains the gold-standard medication for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, yet its use in young people is limited despite emerging evidence supporting efficacy. In this journal, Walker et al highlight the unmet need for training and education on clozapine prescribing in child and adolescent populations, reinforcing concerns raised by leading experts about real-world implementation barriers. In this commentary on their article, we consider some of these concerns, particularly regarding therapeutic benefit and metabolic and haematological safety. We conclude that, given the severe consequences of treatment delay and the prognostic burden associated with early-onset schizophrenia, a proactive, algorithmic and well-supervised approach to clozapine initiation in youth is essential.

Since the 1920s, the workers’ movement has been crucial in linking international communism with colonial liberation. From the 1950s, communist trade unions and the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) played a key role in this process. The WFTU forged ties with Afro-Asian unions to challenge Western powers with an anti-imperialist platform. Decolonization opened new opportunities for European workers in their anti-capitalist struggle, prompting unions such as the French Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) and Italian Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro (CGIL) to build relationships with unions in newly independent African nations. Their focus was mainly on North and West Africa, where socialist movements emerged during the late 1950s and early 1960s. The CGT and the CGIL established solid links with trade unions in Guinea, Mali, and Ghana. Their views, shaped by their affiliations with the French and Italian communist parties, were not consistently aligned. The CGT maintained a Eurocentric approach to African socialism, while the CGIL, aligned with the PCI, supported a “staged” revolution in Africa, where the working class did not occupy a position of leadership. The CGIL and PCI emphasized the role of peasants and workers in building socialism through a “social revolution” that could strengthen the socialist bloc. These differences created tensions in African trade unions and the FSM, leading to the marginalization of the CGIL’s approach. Nonetheless, Italian unionists gained support from African unions and joined the CGT in mediating for workers in Guinea, Mali, and Ghana.

Many believe that relationships can make a constitutive difference to the moral status of paternalistic treatment. For example, it is often assumed that it’s easier to justify paternalizing a spouse than a stranger. But although this thought is widespread, there exists no detailed account of how relationships could mitigate paternalistic complaints. The aim of this paper is to develop an account of this phenomenon, drawing on the work of Margaret Gilbert and the notion of joint commitments. According to the resulting view, close relations can constitutively mitigate paternalistic complaints by rendering paternalistic interference consistent with the will of the paternalized agent.

From classical trigonometric formulas, complex differential equations of various types have been formulated and widely studied. We investigate perturbed nonlinear complex differential equations and explore their corresponding complex differential systems. Some open questions on nonlinear complex differential equations and systems are proposed.

The Indigenous pottery of Nagaland is handmade, a tradition passed down through generations. It remains a key part of social and religious life, serving as a means of expression. Modern indigenous pottery practices involve taboos and beliefs from the clay extraction to the firing of the pots. This paper examines the ethnographic aspects of pottery making, the tradition, and the operational chain. It reviews the beliefs, taboos, and rituals observed during clay mining and firing to evaluate their connection to pottery production from a socio-cultural and socio-religious perspective.

The studies on the association between maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) in twin pregnancies are limited and inconsistent. There are no standardized guidelines for GWG in twin pregnancies in China. This retrospective cohort study included 1510 women who delivered living twins from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019. The basic demographics and outcomes of mothers and neonates were listed, and logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between GWG and SPTB in the total population and different subgroups. In the overall population, 464 (30.7%) women had inadequate GWG, and 316 (20.9%) women had excess GWG. Compared to women with adequate GWG, women with inadequate GWG had a significantly higher risk of SPTB (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.46, 95% CI [1.92, 3.15]), while women with excess GWG also had a significantly higher risk of SPTB (aOR: 1.48, 95% CI [1.12, 1.95]). Both inadequate GWG and excess GWG had a significantly higher risk of SPTB in normal-weight women and women with dichorionic diamniotic twins. Only IGWG was significantly associated with SPTB in women with monochorionic diamniotic twins and underweight women. Our findings indicate that inadequate GWG and excess GWG were significantly associated with a higher risk of SPTB, providing an empirical basis for establishing weight gain guidelines for women with twin pregnancies in China.

This article traces the union career of Abdoulaye Diallo, born in French West Africa in 1917, from the united World Federation of Trade Unions’ (WFTU) 1947 Pan-African Trade Union Conference in Dakar to the founding of the Union Générale des Travailleurs d’Afrique Noire (UGTAN) in 1957. The Dakar conference was a turning point: African delegates, including Diallo, compelled the WFTU to address colonial labour exploitation, thereby unsettling representatives of empire. Following the 1949 split, the WFTU increasingly amplified and promoted leaders from Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and Diallo was appointed vice-president. Our analysis of Diallo’s publications reveals his fierce anti-colonialism and anti-imperialism. It also shows how, following the split, the WFTU provided a platform for Africans to express their anti-colonial views to a wider audience through newspapers and WFTU publications. His interventions at meetings of the UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in the early 1950s exposed forced labour and repression to representatives of international organizations while offering unwavering, uncritical support for the Soviet Union. At the WFTU’s Third World Congress in Vienna (1953), Diallo stood out as the leading African delegate, urging workers to organize for liberation. Regionally, he mobilized Francophone West African workers against wage discrimination and colonial coercion, navigating tensions between communist internationalism and emerging nationalist priorities. This study reimagines the WFTU as an anti-colonial arena, shaped by African agency during the early Cold War period.

Current research conceptualizes the gender performance of populist leaders in terms of toxic hypermasculinity expressed through their sexist, misogynist, and transphobic rhetoric. This article challenges and complicates this perspective. As hegemonic masculinities, which formerly gained their power through their invisibility, are increasingly contested, they engage in a strategic hybridization by borrowing aesthetic elements from marginalized identities. In contrast to the established hypermasculinity thesis, we contend that right-wing populists, exemplified by Donald Trump, incorporate queer elements in their embodied gender performances. Trump’s masculinity appropriates the subversive spirit of queerness. It conveys reactionary content through rebellious aesthetics, which results in fake subversion. By drawing together insights from populist research with masculinities studies and queer theory, the article makes sense of (1) why Trump employs queer aesthetics, (2) why his followers appreciate his queer performance, (3) why the queer dimension of his masculinity goes unnoticed, and (4) what new light the case of Trump’s queerness sheds on the concept of hybrid masculinities.

A ${\mathcal Z}$-subalgebra $U_{\mathcal Z}^\jmath {(n)}$ (${\mathcal Z}=\mathbb Z[\upsilon ,\upsilon ^{-1}]$) for the i-quantum group ${\mathbf {U}}^{\jmath }(n)$ over the field $\mathbb Q(\upsilon )$ is constructed by two of the authors [‘A new realisation of the i-quantum group $U^\jmath {(n)}$’, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 226(1) (2022), Paper no. 106793, 27 pages, Theorem 6.5], using a Beilinson–Lusztig–MacPherson (BLM) type realisation. In this paper, we construct bases for $U_{\mathcal Z}^\jmath {(n)}$, including the monomial basis conjectured in [‘A new realisation of the i-quantum group $U^\jmath {(n)}$’, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 226(1) (2022), Paper no. 106793, 27 pages, Remark 6.6(4)]. This proves that the ${\mathcal Z}$-algebra $U_{\mathcal Z}^\jmath {(n)}$ is a free ${\mathcal Z}$-module. Hence, $U_{\mathcal Z}^\jmath {(n)}$ is in fact an integral form of Lusztig type. This construction is further extended to the i-quantum hyperalgebra over a field of any characteristic. By specialising $\upsilon $ to an l th primitive root $\varepsilon $ of $1$ with l odd, a realisation of the quotient of modulo the ideal generated by $d_i^l-1$, for all $1\leqslant i\leqslant n+1$, is also given as a by-product.

For every natural number n we introduce a new weak choice principle $\mathrm {nRC_{fin}}$:

Given any infinite set x, there is an infinite subset $y\subseteq x$ and a selection function f that chooses an n-element subset from every finite $z\subseteq y$ containing at least n elements.

By constructing new permutation models built on a set of atoms obtained as Fraïssé limits, we will study the relation of $\mathrm {nRC_{fin}}$ to the weak choice principles $\mathrm {RC_m}$ (that has already been studied in [3] and [6]):

Given any infinite set x, there is an infinite subset $y\subseteq x$ with a choice function f on the family of all m-element subsets of y.

Moreover, we prove a stronger analogue of the results in [6] when we study the relation between $\mathrm {nRC_{fin}}$ and $\mathrm {kC_{fin}^-}$ which is defined by

Given any infinite family $\mathcal {F}$ of finite sets of cardinality greater than k, there is an infinite subfamily $\mathcal {A}\subseteq \mathcal {F}$ with a selection function f that chooses a k-element subset from each $A\in \mathcal {A}$.

This article rethinks how colonial presence and foreign settlements reconfigured urban spaces beyond the treaty-port system by examining Chengdu, an inland, non-treaty-port city. Focusing on the 1930 boundary-wall controversy at West China Union University, a missionary college, it shows that anti-imperialism was refracted through local expectations of access to space and how everyday spatial practices had blurred the line between foreign enclave and local community. In the absence of colonial infrastructures, WCUU pursued indigenizing strategies to embed themselves in urban life; its later move to enclose the campus with walls was criticized as imperialist encroachment. Occurring amid heightened nationalism, the controversy drew force both from nationalist idioms and from ordinary residents’ everyday grievances—economic strain, insecurity, and disruptions to daily routines—in a notably turbulent interwar Chengdu. The conflict brought to the fore two visions of Chengdu’s urban identity: one championed by Western-educated local elites and another articulated by local people defending what they understood as public space. Moreover, I demonstrate how missionary institutions in less overtly colonial settings grappled with the contradictions inherent in their liminal status—simultaneously functioning as colonial enclaves and aspiring to integrate into local society.

We explore international reserve accumulation in Emerging Market Economies (EMEs), rationalizing policymakers’ belief that it counteracts the negative effects of capital inflows. Empirical evidence reveals that EMEs accumulate reserves in response to capital inflows driven by global push factors, especially when there are limitations on residents’ investments abroad. We elucidate these findings with a three-period model of a small open economy. In the first period, a large direct investment inflow occurs, prompting an EME to save abroad for consumption smoothing. If frictions hinder private overseas investments, the government can accumulate reserves to supplement insufficient private outflows. The theory highlights the role of reserves in managing capital inflows, as substantiated by our empirical findings.

This article revisits the linguistic periodization of the book of Jonah, focusing on E.B. Pusey’s 1860 commentary and its modern relevance. Pusey challenged claims that Jonah’s unusual lexicon and grammar required a post-exilic date, arguing instead for earlier, non-diachronic explanations such as dialect, foreign influence, and contextual usage. His nuanced treatment anticipated later methodological developments, especially the rule-governed approach of Avi Hurvitz, which identifies diagnostically late linguistic features through late distribution, classical opposition, and extrabiblical confirmation. Applying these criteria, the article surveys more than fifty features in Jonah deemed late by various scholars. Eleven emerge as strong indicators of lateness, while many others show partial or ambiguous significance, often explainable by genre, style-switching, or Phoenician/Aramaic influence. Taken cumulatively, the evidence suggests Jonah’s Hebrew belongs to a late stratum, most plausibly the sixth–fifth century BCE, within the Persian Period, though affinities with Rabbinic Hebrew complicate precise placement. While modern scholarship generally rejects Pusey’s pre-exilic dating, his sensitivity to methodological caution and non-diachronic variety remains instructive. Jonah thus stands as a linguistically peculiar text, chiefly Classical Biblical Hebrew, but with links to Late Biblical Hebrew, Rabbinic Hebrew, and Aramaic, that offers a valuable test case for theories of linguistic periodization.