Refugee youth are at high risk for trauma-related disorders – outcomes not only the result of pre-migration trauma, but consequences of diverse post-migration stressors. This study identified individual, parental, and environmental factors – some potentially modifiable – associated with trajectories of psychological risk and resilience in 291 Syrian and Iraqi refugee youth during resettlement in the U.S. Data was collected at arrival and at two follow-up visits up to 7 years post-arrival. Linear mixed modeling assessed predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression trajectories. Victimization trauma (i.e., assault) and lower maternal subjective social status predicted more severe PTSD (p = .046, f 2 = .07; p < .001, f 2 = .23) and anxiety (p = .008, f2 = .05; p = .002, f 2 = .11) trajectories in youth. Paternal unemployment predicted less stable PTSD (p = .009, f2 = .13) and anxiety (p < .001, f 2 = .10) trajectories. More severe depression trajectories were associated with female sex (p = .045, f 2 = .06) and death threat traumas (p = .014, f 2 = .07). Findings identified predictors of long-term risk and resilience for refugee youth, as well as potentially modifiable ecological risk factors. Victimization and death threat trauma exposure could be salient in identifying youth at high risk for trauma-related symptoms early in resettlement. Indicators of financial security were also associated with symptoms, suggesting environmental intervention targets.

Citizenship fraud poses a global threat to the integrity and governance of nation-states. In Kuwait, it has long been a critical issue, prompting recent decisive measures to address fraudulent citizenship claims. These illegitimate claims undermine national identity and security. This article frames citizenship fraud as a global phenomenon and presents Kuwait as a case study, examining its historical challenges and recent anti-fraud efforts. To explain the occurrence and persistence of this issue, the study applies Cressey’s Fraud Triangle, a prominent criminological theory, while also incorporating structural factors unique to the Kuwaiti context. Furthermore, the paper advocates for a public criminology approach to address broader challenges facing the discipline in Kuwait and the Arab region. By analysing Kuwait’s current anti-fraud campaign and exploring future deterrence strategies, this study fills a gap in the literature on fraudulent nationality claims, offering a rare criminological perspective on a complex and politically sensitive issue.

We show that the class of Krasner hyperfields is not elementary. To show this, we determine the rational rank of quotients of multiplicative groups in field extensions. We also discuss some related questions.

The histories of the DSM and ICD classifications are set out so as to identify weaknesses and limitations that can affect their application in medico-legal reporting. These are illustrated by reference to published judgments and three detailed case studies. The analysis and case studies identify how expert witnesses’ reliance on the DSM and ICD can be challenged in order to seek to undermine their evidence.

For each set X, an X-split is a partition of X into two parts. For each X-split S and each subset $Y\subseteq X$, the restriction of S on Y is the Y-split whose parts are obtained by intersecting the parts of S with Y. For a graph G with vertex set V, the G-coboundary size of a V-split S is the number of edges in G having non-empty intersections with both parts of S. Let T be a tree without degree-two vertices, and let V and L denote its vertex set and leaf set, respectively. For each positive integer k, a k-split on T is an L-split that is the restriction of a V-split with T-coboundary size k, while a score-k split on T is a k-split on T that is not any k′-split for any integer $k' \lt k$. Buneman’s split equivalence theorem states that the tree T is entirely encoded by its system of score-1 splits. We identify the unique exceptional case in which the tree T is not determined by its score-2 split system. To explore how our work can be extended to more general tree isomorphism problems, we propose several conjectures and open problems related to set systems and generalized Buneman graphs.

This article is part of Religious Studies’ initiative to publish a series of interviews with distinguished philosophers of religion. Each interview explores the personal and academic background of the interviewee and discusses their core philosophical views. The aim is to inspire students and scholars and to provide an overview of some of the most important works developed by contemporary philosophers of religion. In this interview, Chris Tweedt interviews Jonathan Kvanvig, covering such topics as his upbringing, his educational and career trajectory, and his views on philosophical methodology, epistemic humility, divine providence, faith, and hell.

We prove the formula

\begin{equation*} \text{cat}_G(X\vee Y)=\max \{\text{cat}_G(X),\text{cat}_G(Y)\} \end{equation*}

$X\vee Y$

$\bigvee _{i=1}^m X_i$

$G$

$X_i$

$G$

$i=1,\ldots ,m$

$X/A$

$G$

$X$

$A$

$A\hookrightarrow X$

$G$

$\overline {x_0}\,:\,A\to X$

$x_0\in X^G$

\begin{align*} \text{TC}_G(X\vee Y)&=\max \{\text{TC}_G(X),\text{TC}_G(Y),\text{cat}_G(X\times Y)\},\\ \text{TC}^G(X\vee Y)&=\max \{\text{TC}^G(X),\text{TC}^G(Y),_{X\vee Y}\text{cat}_{G\times G}(X\times Y)\}, \end{align*}

$G$

$G$

$X$

$Y$

To explore the longitudinal associations between a Chinese healthy diet and the progression of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) development among Chinese adults. A prospective analysis was conducted utilising data from 18 720 participants in the China Health and Nutrition Survey, spanning from 1997 to 2018. Dietary data were collected by three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls combined with the weighing method. A Chinese healthy diet score was developed by assigning scores to various food components. CMM was defined as the coexistence of two or more cardiometabolic diseases (CMD), including myocardial infarction, stroke and type 2 diabetes, diagnosed through blood indicators and clinical diagnosis. We employed a multistate model to examine the associations between the Chinese healthy diet and the longitudinal progression from being free of CMD to first CMD and then to CMM. Quantile G-computation was utilised to evaluate the relative contribution of each food component. Over a median follow-up period of 7·3 years, 2214 (11·8 %) participants developed first CMD, and 156 (0·83 %) progressed to CMM. Comparing participants in the highest quintile of dietary scores with those in the lowest, we observed a 55 % lower risk of transitioning from baseline to CMM (HR = 0·45, 95 % CI: 0·23, 0·87) and a 60 % lower risk of transition from first CMD to CMM (HR = 0·40, 95 % CI: 0·20, 0·81). Fresh fruits contributed to 42·8 and 43·0 % for delaying CMM and transition from first CMD to CMM, respectively. Our study revealed that greater adherence to the Chinese healthy diet is negatively associated with the risk of CMM.

As the first article in its March 1889 issue, The Classical Review published a short piece jointly authored by Henry Sidgwick and John Grote: a dialogue between Socrates and friends and John’s brother, George Grote. This brief but complex and playful dialogue is a microcosm of a broader discussion between a group of friends, colleagues, and relatives in the third quarter of the nineteenth century about individual happiness, justice and the good of the community. This article introduces the dialogue and places it in the context of two important wider debates in order to show how this brief dialogue illuminates the intellectual milieu of the time and the personalities involved. The first is a debate about how to read and engage with Plato’s philosophical dialogues. The second is a debate about utilitarianism, the nature of happiness, and the correct end of human actions.

This article examines the role of religious law in the context of modern state formation in the Arabian Gulf sheikhdoms. It focuses on Qatar, where a dual legal system emerged out of contestations over political community in the aftermath of imperialism and oil. From the mid-twentieth century onward, the ruling family empowered both a sharia and a civil judiciary without fully clarifying the jurisdictional boundaries between the two judiciaries. Until the 2003 unification of the judiciary, litigants were seemingly free to take civil and criminal cases to a court of their choice. I suggest that the appeal of Qatar’s Sharia Courts lay primarily in the socially embedded nature of Islamic legal practice, the extra-legal functions fulfilled by sharia judges, and the transnational networks of Islamic institutions. While the appeal of the sharia was partly produced by the state, Islamic legal institutions also drew force from their oppositional stance toward modern state power. The Qatari case shows how legal actors can secure state recognition by positioning themselves as authentic cultural mediators against the alienating structures of modern bureaucracy when they offer an alternative model of justice grounded in a dense network of social relations and the provision of a wide range of services.