Recent evidence suggests that oligarchs hold disproportionate influence over electoral representative institutions and limit people’s participation in both formal and informal spaces of democratic politics. Drawing on phenomenology, I develop the concept of oligarchic fatigue to describe the political exhaustion that arises when people’s attempts to engage in democratic practices are obstructed by oligarchic domination. Oligarchic fatigue materializes through two analytically distinct mechanisms: people experience fatigue either (1) when they actively participate within formal political spaces, but their options for participation are constrained due to oligarchic control over political institutions; or (2) when their political participation is deemed illegitimate and functionally denied by oligarchy. The corrective to oligarchic fatigue, I contend, is a renewed focus on political freedom as a constitutive element of democratic innovations and anti-oligarchic institutional design.

Projections of health/social care spending highlight risks to future fiscal sustainability. This concern is based, in part, on six assumptions, which we argue are uncertain: (1). Populations will continue to age; (2). Health is a function of age; (3). Health/social care need is driven by health; (4). Health/social care spending is driven by need; (5). Inequalities are unimportant; (6). Increasing dependency ratios risk fiscal sustainability. We propose three hypotheses which reframe the debate: (1). Health/social care spending primarily results from political decisions on supply; (2). Prevention policies alone are unlikely to reduce fiscal pressures; (3). Fiscal sustainability is best achieved by combining prevention with decommodification and ‘realistic medicine’.

In the years following independence, history-writing increasingly became a strategic instrument of nation-building and a means of constructing a “usable past.” Using the South African writer Bloke Modisane’s research on the Maji Maji War in Tanzania as its point of departure, this article examines how newly independent African states navigated the politics of historical production in the early postindependence period. Although deeply invested in African history, Modisane was not a formally trained historian and remained on the margins of the emerging Dar es Salaam School of History. His uneasy reception in Tanzania not only underscores the tension between Pan-African ideals and national imperatives, but the challenges faced by intellectuals working outside official or institutional structures. While he never completed his research to the point of publication, revisiting his experience reminds us that the history of African history was also shaped by incomplete, interrupted, and forgotten efforts to write the past.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a clinically significant and extensively studied personality disorder (PD), associated with substantial impairment, risk, treatment needs, and health-system burden. Contemporary debates about its classification now occur within diagnostic systems that already move beyond purely categorical models, including ICD-11 and the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders. The central question is therefore not simply whether dimensional assessment should be incorporated into PD diagnosis, but how general personality disorder diagnosis, named categorical patterns, dimensional characterization, and outcome/risk assessment should be clinically coordinated. This article examines BPD as a focal case for this broader categorical-dimensional problem. We review the clinical contributions and limitations of categorical and dimensional approaches, consider evidence supporting the reliability, validity, clinical utility, and treatment relevance of BPD, and propose a clinical sequencing model for PD assessment. The model is not intended as a new diagnostic architecture or diagnostic algorithm. Rather, it begins with establishing the presence of general personality disorder, then asks whether a named PD pattern is clinically meaningful, before proceeding to dimensional characterization and outcome/risk assessment. We argue that dimensional progress does not require the abandonment of named personality disorder diagnoses when they remain clinically and empirically meaningful. Within this framework, BPD can remain an organizing construct while categorical diagnosis is prevented from becoming the endpoint of clinical formulation.

This article explores how Chilean business elites remember the Unidad Popular (UP) government (1970–1973) and how these memories shape their current political culture. Drawing on interviews, it distinguishes between two generational groups: those who experienced the UP as adults and those who lived through it as children or adolescents or did not live it firsthand. The study examines how memories of political confrontations and commodity shortages form a conservative collective narrative that resists systemic reform. These recollections often legitimize the 1973 military coup and the subsequent neoliberal transformations. The research shows that personal experiences, as well as narratives passed down through generations, contribute to the construction of a political culture among economic elites that privileges stability over change. By analyzing these memory dynamics, the article underscores the importance of elite historical consciousness in shaping their vision of Chile’s political present and its possible future.

This study aims to analyze how two popular television series, Famagusta (produced in Greece) and Bir Zamanlar Kıbrıs (Once Upon a Time in Cyprus, produced in Turkey), reflect the political approaches of Greece and Turkey toward the Cyprus issue. Television series are often powerful media for national narrative building, and both Famagusta and Bir Zamanlar Kıbrıs series demonstrate the ways historical events are selectively portrayed to reinforce contemporary political perspectives regarding Cyprus. Beyond simply retelling historical events, both series are used to reflect the ongoing efforts of Greece and Turkey to assert rights over Cyprus, a geopolitically significant island with a complex colonial past. This study will analyze how these series engage in narrative framing to legitimize national claims over a distant territory, using television series as a medium for both national narratives and colonial continuity. The study will explore the underlying messages, rhetorical tools, and symbolic elements that each series uses to shape the public perception about the Cyprus issue, drawing on concepts from media studies and international relations.

This article investigates the genericity of ergodic probability measures for the geodesic flow on Riemannian manifolds. We demonstrate that if the metric splits as a product metric within a tubular neighborhood of a geodesically complete submanifold containing a closed geodesic, then the closure of the set of ergodic measures does not encompass all invariant probability measures. Our findings notably provide an answer to the question of genericity of ergodic measures concerning a specific example of 3-manifold introduced by Gromov.

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of the gastric nematode Ollulanus tricuspis in domestic cats in Samsun province, Türkiye, and to perform molecular phylogenetic analysis of the obtained isolates. Following the initial diagnosis of O. tricuspis in a domestic cat presenting with chronic vomiting, stomach contents from 50 necropsied cats were microscopically examined for a broader survey. The ITS-1, 5.8S, and ITS-2 gene regions of the parasites obtained from positive samples were amplified and sequenced using PCR. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses. The prevalence of O. tricuspis in the examined samples was determined to be 6%. Literature data show a wide variation in global prevalence, ranging from 0.2% (USA) to 42% (Australia). This study is the first report to reveal the presence of O. tricuspis at the molecular level in Türkiye.

This article examines the political ecology of water and ethnic conflict in Kirkuk, Iraq. Kirkuk is an internally disputed frontier territory, controlled by the federal government of Iraq but claimed by Kurdish nationalists. Kirkuk contains some of Iraq’s largest oil fields and most productive agricultural lands. In recent decades Kirkuk has also faced water shortages tied to global climate change. The article deploys survey data, supplemented by qualitative historical research, to evaluate framing of environmental security and the relationship between water insecurity, ethnic conflict, and governance. We find that commitments to competing programs for territorial control in Kirkuk correlate with different framing of ecological risk factors. Arabic-speaking respondents frame water scarcity as a matter for the federal government. Kurdish-speaking respondents prefer to enlist the Kurdistan Regional Government or local politicians to deal with water scarcity, undercutting federal jurisdiction. These findings cast doubt on environmental security and peacebuilding theories which suggest that ecological scarcity can spur inter-ethnic cooperation toward sustainability. Rather, commitment to different ethnoterritorial programs justify different perspectives on ecological change. At a policy level, these findings show that political conciliation must come before progress in environmental peacebuilding.

This study evaluated the in vitro activity and mode of action of ethanolic extracts (Et) and respective different polarity fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), butanol, aqueous) from basidiomes and mycelium of Pleurotus djamor against Haemonchus contortus eggs, using the egg hatching test. After incubation (concentration gradient from 20 to 3600 μg/mL), emerged larvae and eggs were observed and counted, differentiating between morulated eggs (ME) and larvated eggs (LE). Effective concentrations required to inhibit 50% or 90% (EC50; EC90) of hatching, and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined. Extracts and fractions obtained from basidiomes exhibited lower EC50 (P < 0.05) than those obtained from the mycelium, except for the hexane basidiome fraction, which showed less activity compared to the mycelium fraction. Both butanol fractions presented similar EC50 (~140 μg/mL). Polar mycelium materials exhibited a higher proportion of LE, while the hexane fraction demonstrated an ovicidal effect (abundant ME), and the EA fraction was inactive. The low EC50 of extracts and fractions of basidiomes and mycelium confirmed that P. djamor is a promising non-conventional anthelmintic that should be evaluated under in vivo conditions with small ruminants. The EC50 values were better than most tropical plant materials reported to date.

In the Amazon region, Arapaima gigas holds significant gastronomic and cultural value compared to other fish species due to its large size. This fish is home to various helminth species that parasitise primarily its gastrointestinal organs. During the 2023 dry season, a total of 60 gastrointestinal organs from A. gigas specimens were collected from a fisheries management program conducted by local residents within the Mamirauá Reserve. For gastric parasitological analysis, each organ was separated in containers, and the parasites were recovered, washed, and fixed in 70% alcohol for analysis by light and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, stomach samples of the hosts infected with parasites were fixed in 10% formalin for histopathological examination. 16% of the parasitised fish presented ulcerative areas in the gastric mucosa of varying degrees. Microscopically, a severe inflammatory reaction with infiltration of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages was observed, associated with co-infection by Goezia spinulosa and Neoterranova serrata. Additionally, morphological and morphometric data aided by scanning electron microscopy for N. serrata were added.