Between the 1770s and the 1870s, there were no fewer than eight attempts to establish colonial footholds along the coasts of Sabah, the northern quarter of Borneo. This article charts the history of these abortive settlements and, in doing so, subverts established narratives of colonialism and urbanization that usually centre on the British North Borneo Company from the 1880s. It argues that these settlements should be regarded as part of a persistent but sporadic struggle to colonize and control the shores of Sabah. Their repeated frustrations and failures reveal the ways in which coastlines imposed constraints on thalassocracies.

Our paper investigates the impact of the user cost of money, or the forgone interest associated with divisia monetary aggregates, on aggregate private investment in the U.S. We employ a mixed-frequency time-varying factor augmented vector autoregressive model with a large dataset spanning January 1972 to September 2023. Our impulse response function results show that the impact of the user cost of money is similar to that of interest rates, represented by the credit spread (the yield gap between Moody’s Baa corporate bond yield and the 10-year treasury bill yield). However, a shock to the user cost of M4 growth rate has a slightly stronger impact on disaggregated private investment growth than a credit spread shock. Hence, private investment is more responsive to the user cost of money than to interest rates in any economic environment. In this regard, when economic uncertainty is low, such as during the Great Moderation, shocks to interest rates or the M4 monetary aggregate growth rate have a significant positive impact on aggregate private investment growth. Our findings align with the literature on the relationship between interest rates and private investment (Bernanke, 1983b; Chetty, 2007).

When studying extinct organisms, which phylogenetic methods are the most useful to determine patterns of evolutionary relationship? How well do current classifications reflect the patterns discovered? Using Athyridida (Upper Ordovician–Lower Jurassic) as a case study, we utilize parsimony, Bayesian Mk, asymmetrical rates, and fossilized birth–death process models, with and without character partitions, to compare results from different methods of inference, to test previous phylogenetic hypotheses and examine morphological character evolution in this long-lived group of extinct brachiopods. Because different phylogenetic methods utilize different models of evolution involving different sets of assumptions, they can result in different patterns of relationship, making it necessary to test multiple methods and then evaluate thoughtfully the various results obtained.

We discovered that the four main athyridide higher taxa we focus on largely maintain their coherence as clades in most of the analyses, but relationships among them vary substantially, with implications for the evolution of characters important in their classification. We were able to characterize in detail the athyridide external valve characters that are more variable than internal characters, quantifying the commonly held impression that internal features are more likely to be homologues and thus more reliable in identifying relationships than external characters. Because taxa in classifications are still frequently used as clade proxies in macroevolutionary studies, it is necessary to obtain and compare the most robust hypotheses of relationship among named taxa in order to evaluate both character homology and homoplasy and taxonomic fidelity to hypotheses of evolution.

Exceeding 10°C during raw milk transportation leads to its degradation, making it unsuitable for consumption. Maintaining a stable low temperature is therefore crucial to preserving milk quality over long distances. Traditional insulation methods have proven inadequate, particularly under extreme climatic conditions. This study proposes a novel approach incorporating an immersed evaporator within the milk tank to significantly extend the cooling duration and ensure product safety. Using unsteady laminar flow and heat transfer simulations, we evaluated the performance of the immersed evaporator system under various operating conditions. Results demonstrate a substantial improvement in cooling efficiency compared to conventional insulation. Key findings include: (1) An immersed evaporator can extend the cooling time by up to 3 h and 19 min (a 69% improvement) compared to insulation alone (1 h and 36 min). (2) Increasing the length of the evaporator by approximately 46% further extends the cooling period by 91%, while maintaining the same temperature of 2°C in both cases. (3) Increasing the evaporator length and decreasing its temperature to 0°C further enhance cooling performance, with potential improvements of up to 137% (8 h 48 min) in cooling time. A well-designed immersed evaporator system can maintain milk temperature below 10°C for an entire day, even in harsh environments. These findings offer a promising solution for the safe and efficient transportation of milk over long distances. By integrating immersed evaporators into milk tankers, we can ensure product quality and minimize spoilage, thereby contributing to a more sustainable and reliable food supply chain.

What kind of weapon is sex? Scholarship on the Lebanese Civil War (1975-90) has broadened the “war story” by foregrounding women’s perspectives as fighters and by adding complexity to militiamen’s narratives. Yet, while gendering the analysis, scholarship has not examined the role that sexual relations and sexual practices played in the war. Meanwhile, Lebanese Civil War–era cultural production, including films, novels and popular magazines, display sexual transactions and sexual violence as if they were common instances in the war. In this article, I engage an intertextual ethnographic reading of sex and sexual violence, combining the civil war’s cultural archive with oral histories that I conducted with former militiamen and militia women across Lebanon’s political spectrum, and with cis- and trans-women who had transactional sex with militia members, as well as urban participatory mapping and interviews with other participants in the war. Mapping the sex economy and sexual relations in the war reveals the central roles that sex played both as a traffic in and of itself, and as a tool of political governance of civilians, through a traffic in women. I argue that militias used sex and the threat of it for multiple purposes: as a form of mobility that enabled other goods to circulate more smoothly; as a tool of intra-sectarian extraction and coercion and as a weapon of patriarchal governance that kept civilians in their designated neighborhoods. While sex enabled cross-sectarian connections, the violent use of sex thus also reinforced sectarian social boundaries. My findings build on scholarship that has foregrounded the political economy of the war and on intersectional feminist analyses of political governance in Lebanon. The article is indebted to this scholarship as well as to ongoing civil society efforts to document sexual violence in the war.

Within this study, an optimized ultra-wideband (UWB) multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna incorporating band-rejection features is introduced for wireless application. The proposed design comprises four circular single-element antenna units that are designed on a Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (tm) support material having an overall size of 80 × 80 × 0.8 mm3 or 0.72λ0 × 0.72λ0 × 0.0072λ0 (λ0 is the free-space wavelength at lowest frequency 2.7 GHz) and positioned perpendicularly. To enhance isolation, cross-shaped extensions are incorporated. Measurement results indicate that this antenna demonstrates an impedance bandwidth of −10 dB, spanning from 2.7 to 11.67 GHz (125%) and penta-notched filters for 3.2–4.0 GHz, 4.49–5.05 GHz, 5.56–6.16 GHz, 8.23–8.56 GHz, and 10.29–11.53 GHz. The presented antenna is capable of filtering signals from WiMAX (3.3–3.7 GHz), N79 band (4.8–4.9 GHz), WLAN downlink (5.725–5.825 GHz), ITU-R (8.275–8.5 GHz) and Ku-band downlink (10.7–11.2 GHz). The antenna exhibits envelope correlation coefficients (ECC) below 0.04 and provides isolation superior to 20 dB. Experimental results indicate that the simulated characteristics closely match the measured ones. The developed MIMO antenna demonstrates strong suitability for ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communication applications.

Pregnant women are exposed to various contaminants through foods, with environmental toxicants and aflatoxin (AF) being among the major food contaminants. Therefore, this review was conducted for a better perspective on the AF exposure during pregnancy or infancy, highlighting how exposure through the mother (via placenta and breast milk) and directly through infant foods ultimately affects infant health. The literature suggests that AF exposure during pregnancy may lead to maternal anaemia, premature delivery, pregnancy loss or decreased number of live births. AF crosses through the placenta and also passes through breast milk. AF exposure during pregnancy may also lead to deleterious effects on the fetus or infants such as reduced fetal growth, low birth weight, impairment of linear or long bone growth and developmental delay such as small head circumference and reduced brain size, stillbirth or fetal death. It may also have an adverse effect on some organs and organ systems, causing aberrations such as neonatal jaundice and disrupting hormone synthesis. In the Indian context, there are limited clinical studies to assess the health effects of AF exposure during pregnancy. For the first time, we have made an attempt to estimate the AF exposure by calculating the AF estimated daily intake using the empirical formulae based on several reported studies. However, more research needs to be undertaken to understand the AF exposure outcomes during pregnancy. The data presented in this review warrant more clinical studies in India on maternal AF exposure to elucidate the birth outcomes and associated infant health outcomes.

Welfare regime theory remains a central framework in social policy literature, valued for its theoretical insights and policy relevance. However, as this framework is increasingly applied to countries in the Global South, scholars have questioned whether all contexts fit neatly into the established welfare regime types. Recent contributions suggest adopting a hybrid lens, which recognizes that welfare arrangements often vary within the same country, with different populations experiencing distinct forms of social protection. This study contributes to this evolving debate by exploring the development of Iraq’s welfare system and proposing a hybrid classification within the welfare regime framework. We argue that Iraq functions as a hybrid welfare regime, where access to welfare and social protection is unevenly distributed across different segments of society. In doing so, the study extends welfare regime theory by classifying Iraq as a case of hybrid welfare regime and highlights the importance of hybrid welfare models for understanding welfare systems in the Global South.

What is lost, if we don’t have a diagnosis? This article examines the aims of clinical medicine, and the role of understanding in this. Starting from a case prompt with a patient suffering from persistent physical symptoms, I argue that understanding is at the clinical core, and that the target of such understanding is the patient body with symptoms. Synthesising accounts of medical understanding and phenomenology of illness, I suggest that the understanding sought in the clinic extends beyond mechanistic explanation to include a sense of bodily intelligibility, and that diagnoses are useful but not necessary tools to this end.

Pterygotids were Paleozoic marine and marginal marine large apex predatory arthropods. However, their evolution remains poorly understood due to the scarcity of their fossils and the delicate nature of their exoskeletons. The well-studied Devonian Xiaxishancun Formation in Qujing City, Yunnan, China contains various Agnatha and three eurypterid species. Our study focuses on the eurypterid material assigned to Erettopterus qujingensis Ma et al., 2022 and Pterygotus wanggaii Ma et al., 2023. The two species were discovered from the same locality, both with individuals of different developmental stages (juveniles more common), suggesting that this area could represent a breeding site, in agreement with mass molt behavior and the occurrence of other pterygotids in shallow waters. Moreover, the coexistence of heavily armed Agnatha with Pterygotus wanggaii in the Xiaxishancun Formation, alongside their robust chelicerae, supports the hypothesis that some pterygotids were piscivorous. In addition, due to ambiguity of pterygotid cheliceral dentition nomenclature, we introduce a new framework to define the cheliceral denticle types of pterygotids based on their relative positions: TD, terminal denticle; MD, median denticle (including: MMD, modified MD, and OMD, ordinary MD); BD, basal denticle. A key diagnostic feature in the cheliceral denticles of E. qujingensis is established: movable finger ends in a curved TD, 3 MMD’s present, 9 OMDs between MMD1 and MMD2 (OMD4 and OMD8 slightly enlarged); fixed finger ends in an acute TD’, 3 MMD’s present (MMD’2 being the largest), 8 OMD’s between MMD’1 and MMD’2 (OMD’5 slightly enlarged), 15 OMD’s between MMD’2 and MMD’3 (OMD’1 and OMD’10-12 slightly enlarged). This cheliceral diagnosis distinguishes E. qujingensis from Pterygotus wanggaii by its distinct number of MMDs.

Automated dispensers that dilute concentrated disinfectants with water are commonly used but can malfunction. We provide proof-of-principle that incorporating indicators into wipe products could be an effective method to provide environmental services staff with real-time visual indication that disinfectants are present and at correct concentrations with every use.

A recent dispute in political science raises issues about the objectivity of measures of democracy. Political scientists Little and Meng argue that democracy indices using country experts as coders show a greater degree of democratic backsliding than measures that are objective. They worry that this discrepancy may reflect coder bias. I distinguish three aspects of objectivity and offer a reconceptualization of objectivity as coherence objectivity. I argue that coherence objectivity is better suited for evaluating measures of social science concepts like democracy than the understanding of objectivity implicit in Little and Meng’s discussion.

The results of Section 3.1 of the 2017 paper “Isomorphism Theorems between Models of Mixed Choice” need an additional assumption when $\bullet$ is “$1$.” If $\bullet$ is nothing or “$\leq 1$,” no change is needed. Also, the mistake only applies to the angelic cases, namely to the maps $r_{{\mathtt {A}}{\mathtt {P}}}$ and $s^\bullet _{{\mathtt {A}}{\mathtt {P}}}$; the demonic cases $r_{{\mathtt {D}}{\mathtt {P}}}$ and $s^\bullet _{{\mathtt {D}}{\mathtt {P}}}$ are unaffected. If $\bullet$ is “$1$,” and in the angelic cases, instead of just assuming that $\mathcal L X$ is locally convex, we need to additionally assume that $X$ is compact, or that $\mathcal L X$ is locally convex-compact, sober, and topological – for example, if $X$ is core-compact – or that $X$ is LCS-complete, namely, a homeomorph of a $G_\delta$ subspace of a locally compact sober space.

Perna perna mussel is a coastal benthic filter-feeder widely cultivated in mytiliculture farms and serves as a resource for local communities engaged in its harvest along the Brazilian coast. This study presents the isotopic ratios (δ13C and δ15N) in the soft tissues of adult mussels from six natural populations in Rio de Janeiro State, southeast Brazil, to evaluate whether they are sensitive enough to distinguish the origin of specimens. The COVID-19 pandemic served as temporal reference, as the quality of coastal waters was influenced by the restrictions imposed during the pandemic. The mean values of δ13C and δ15N ranged from −19.5‰ to −17.3‰, and 6.2‰ to 10.5‰, respectively. The spatial variation of δ13C-δ15N data in the analysed mussels was greater than the temporal variation. The k-means clustering method correctly identified 80% of populations during the pre-pandemic period, 67% in the pandemic, and 50% in the post-pandemic. In most samples, the spatial variation of δ15N (tracer of food source variability) was the primary variable distinguishing the groups of mussels. The isotopic ratios did not reveal a clear trend when using the COVID-19 pandemic as temporal reference. Consequently, the positive environmental changes brought about by the suspension or reduction of anthropogenic activities in coastal waters during the pandemic had minimal impact on the isotopic ratios of mussels at most sampling sites. The utilisation of δ13C-δ15N data to trace the origin of P. perna mussel from natural banks was only partially effective in distinguishing the origin of natural populations across the studied area.

In the context of self-defence, successive governments have taken an inconsistent approach to using public opinion as a basis for reforming criminal law. In the case of householders acting in self-defence, reform was based on limited public opinion whereas in the case of the domestic abuse victim who uses force against their abuser reform proposals were rejected without considering public opinion. There is a limited evidence base of actual public perceptions in either situation and yet their value is substantial when considering the role of lay decision-makers in the criminal trial and the need to maintain public trust in the system. This paper explores theoretical justifications for the inclusion of public perceptions in the development of criminal defences. Using a social constructivist approach, the authors consider public perceptions, as found in a small-scale empirical study, towards self-defence claims in both a householder and domestic abuse context, concluding that the public can in some circumstances find that the latter is more deserving of a claim than the former.

We develop the theory of limits and colimits in $\infty$-categories within the synthetic framework of simplicial homotopy type theory established by Riehl and Shulman. We also show that in this setting, the limit of a family of spaces can be computed as a dependent product.