This article examines the Indonesian Constitutional Court’s use of international law in its decisions between 2003 and 2023, when it referred to international legal instruments in approximately 10% of its constitutional review cases. However, it has not clearly explained why or how it uses international law. The article develops a typology of the Court’s use of international law, categorising it into four areas: bolstering domestic law, interpreting domestic law, rejecting international law, and misconstruing international law. The Court primarily uses international law to support or confirm domestic constitutional and statutory provisions, especially when they are similar (or universal, as the Court sometimes observes). However, the Court sometimes uses international law to interpret domestic law, and occasionally, it even appears to misconstrue international law to reach a desired outcome. We conclude that, if anything, the Court practices pragmatic dualism, rather than pragmatic monism, as Palguna and Wardana argued in this Journal in 2024.

Reciprocal Freedom: Private Law and Public Right is an account of how the law can coherently concretize ‘the juridical’, understood as the internal morality specific to legal relationships. The book elucidates the relationship between private law and the state, presenting the Kantian notion of reciprocal freedom as the normative idea implicit in a legal order in which private law occupies a distinctive place. Emphasizing that the juridical—as the morality specific to legal relationships—does not involve an appeal to morality at large, this article responds to critical comments about the correlative structure of corrective justice, the Kantian conception of ownership, and the book’s treatment of distributive justice and of the rule of law. It also outlines the jurisprudentially fundamental difference between the scope of a right and the operation of a right, which lies at the heart of Kant’s distinction between the state of nature and the civil condition.

This study investigates the impact of tourist activities on penguin behaviour on Barrientos Island, an intensively visited site in the Antarctic Peninsula. By simulating tourist presence and activities, we assessed the behavioural responses of two species, Pygoscelis antarcticus and Pygoscelis papua, and their differences with regard to two specific factors: nest position (perimetral/non-perimetral) and nesting site size (large/small). The findings reveal that both species were sensitive to human presence, especially when visitors talked while approaching the nesting sites. We observed greater behavioural differences regarding the position within the colony for gentoo penguins (P. papua). For this species, the size of the nesting sites was also an important factor affecting its response to human presence, with the large nesting sites being less affected. This trend was not shared by chinstrap penguins (P. antarcticus), whose behaviour towards visitors was not affected significantly by either factor. We recommend mitigating tourists’ impact by maintaining their viewing distance at greater than 10 m and by having them move quietly and slowly around these penguin species.

This paper empirically examines the conflict between official and unofficial law, focusing on cases where discrepancies arise between registered titleholders and owners based on customary rights in Japan’s common forests. In Japan, compliance-oriented legalization has progressed, and recent legal reforms have framed common forests with irregular registrations as “abandoned lands with unknown owners.” Interviews with commoners revealed a weakening confidence in their customary rights, leading to a lack of resistance to demands for registration regularization. However, a nationwide survey of forestry cooperatives showed that common forests are often well-managed due to economies of scale. In practice, legal relationships are frequently established with representatives of commoner groups, bypassing the need to trace all heirs of outdated titleholders, thereby mitigating the tragedy of the anti-commons. However, this practice stems from the high costs of complying with official law and does not signify a revival of customary rights. In fact, forestry cooperatives that placed emphasis on registration were confronted with difficulties in managing common forests.

Using serum biomarkers that reflect fruit and vegetable (FV) intake offers a significant advantage over traditional dietary assessments by providing a more objective, accurate measure, meaningfully minimising recall bias and misreporting common in self-reported dietary data. This study investigated the relationship between these serum biomarkers and mortality risk using data from 19 168 adults aged 30 years and older who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 2006. Mortality follow-up was determined by linkage to the National Death Index through 31 December 2019 and diet by 24-h recalls. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI for mortality outcomes by tertiles of serum biomarkers of FV intake. Higher serum concentrations of total carotenoids were associated with a reduced risk of all-cause (tertile 3 v. tertile 1 HR = 0·69, 95 % CI = 0·61, 0·78) and cancer mortality (HR = 0·53, 95 % CI = 0·39, 0·71). Greater serum concentrations of individual carotenoids, such as α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin, were also linked to lower risks of all-cause and cancer mortality. Higher serum potassium concentrations showed a trend towards an association with a greater risk of all-cause mortality. No significant associations were found between serum vitamin C concentrations and mortality outcomes in the overall analysis; however, in sex-stratified analyses, higher vitamin C concentrations were associated with reduced risk of all-cause and cancer mortality in women. These findings suggest that specific serum biomarkers of FV intake, particularly carotenoids and vitamin C, may serve as indicators of reduced mortality risk.

We construct efficient topological cobordisms between torus links and large connected sums of trefoil knots. As an application, we show that the signature invariant $\sigma_\omega$ at $\omega=\zeta_6$ takes essentially minimal values on torus links among all concordance homomorphisms with the same normalisation on the trefoil knot.

Politicians’ presentation of self is central to election efforts. For these efforts to be successful, they need voters to receive and believe the messages they communicate. We examine the relationship between politicians’ communications and voters’ perceptions of their ideology. Using the content of politicians’ ideological presentation of self through social media communications, we create a measure of messaging ideology for all congressional candidates between 2018 and 2022 and all congressional officeholders between 2012 and 2022 along with voter perceptions of candidate ideology during the same time period. Using these measures, our work shows voters’ perceptions of candidate ideology are strongly related to messaging, even after controlling for incumbent voting behavior. We also examine how the relationship between politician messaging and voter perceptions changes relative to other information about the politician and in different electoral contexts. On the whole, voters’ perceptions of candidate ideology are strongly correlated with politician communications.

Marriage rates in Korea have been declining at an unprecedented pace in the recent two decades. Drawing on the classical economic theory of marriage as a rational choice, we compute local aggregate economic values of prime-age working men and women to examine the relationship between the relative values of men and marriage rates. The relative values of men fell dramatically by 40% during this period, undermining the economic justification of marriage under unequal allocation of housework. The two-way fixed effects estimation using region-year transitory variations shows that a 1% decrease in the relative values of men was associated with a 0.088% decrease in marriage rates. To explain the precipitous convergence of economic values between the two genders, we decompose the changes in the relative values into four components – (gender-neutral) structural changes, (gender-specific) industrial segregation, (gender-neutral) wage growth, and (gender-specific) wage gaps within industries – to measure their contributions to secular marriage decline. In the 2000s, both the alleviated industrial segregation and the structural changes toward industries with higher female proportions played a major role. On the other hand, the impact of reduced gender wage gaps within industries also became prominent in the 2010s.

This paper introduces the Chinese Learner English Corpus (CLEC), comprising argumentative texts written by Chinese lower and upper secondary school students. CLEC expands learner corpus research by including texts from intermediate-level learners and rich metadata on their backgrounds, including engagement with self-initiated, so-called Extramural English (EE) activities outside the classroom. To illustrate potential uses, two case studies are presented. The first uses a keyword analysis to reveal thematic and stylistic differences between CLEC and its Swedish counterpart, SLEC, highlighting linguistic priorities related to distinct learning contexts. The second investigates lexical bundles associated with gaming, demonstrating how EE engagement might influence learners’ use of multiword units. Freely available online, CLEC facilitates contrastive interlanguage analysis and supports further research into L2 learning and use, particularly regarding the role of language exposure. The corpus is also a valuable resource for teacher trainees aiming to deepen their understanding of SLA processes.

Immersive technologies, such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), allow people to immerse themselves in a complete virtual environment, or enhance the physical world with digital elements. Also referred to as extended reality (XR), these technologies create experiences that feel real, whether fully or partially virtual. The impact of XR on human rights and society is linked to a large-scale consumer breakthrough, which could pose significant human rights risks. This article discusses these risks through the lens of four public values rooted in human rights instruments: privacy, autonomy, non-discrimination and a clean and healthy environment. It highlights the urgency for governments to protect and companies to respect the rights of both XR users and non-users. The aim is to initiate discussions on early interventions, avoiding missteps seen during the rise of social media, when benefits were encouraged, while risks were overlooked.

This paper investigates how Assyrian kings protected their material legacies for posterity and why in some prominent instances such protections failed, with a particular focus on the palaces of Kalḫu and Nineveh during the Sargonid Period. I approach this question through the lens of intergenerational reciprocity; Assyrian worldviews provided various channels through which past, present, and future kings could engage with one another in reciprocal and coercive relationships across time. Unlike curses and blessings, which were relatively easy for Assyrian kings to disregard, these reciprocal relationships provided more compelling incentives for rulers to honour and preserve their predecessors’ material legacies. However, practical or ideological concerns would sometimes result in the need to alter buildings in ways that damaged the material legacy of a past ruler. In some of these instances, steps were taken to symbolically compensate the past ruler in question for this damage. In this fashion, rulers were able to negotiate the ideological tension between tradition and innovation to preserve historical memory while adapting living cultural heritage to meet current needs.

CBT for psychosis is an established and evolving psychological therapy. Historical controversies about the nature of psychosis persist, and more recent debates about the outcome literature lack precision, muddying the waters further. Based on our experience as clinicians, teachers and supervisors, and following NHS and national lead roles, we describe ten common misconceptions about CBT for psychosis. These include misconceptions about the evidence, the focus of therapy, ‘thinking positively’, and the nature of collaboration and the therapeutic relationship. We refute these misconceptions based on current theory, research, and best practice guidelines. We highlight the need to get out of the clinic room, measure the impact of therapy on personal recovery and autonomy, and meet training and governance requirements. It is essential that clinicians, service leads, and our professional bodies uphold core standards of care if people with psychosis are to have access to high quality CBT of the standard we would be happy to see offered to our own family and friends.

Key learning aims

1. (1) To recognise common misconceptions about CBT for psychosis.

2. (2) To counter these misconceptions theoretically and empirically – to inform ourselves, colleagues and service leads committed to ensuring high quality CBT for psychosis.

3. (3) To highlight statutory and professional body responsibilities to ensure parity of esteem for people with psychosis, who deserve high quality, ‘full dose’ treatments delivered by appropriately trained clinicians, and supported by robust governance systems, just as we would expect for people with physical health conditions.

We develop a powerful tool for embedding any tree poset P of height k in the Boolean lattice which allows us to solve several open problems in the area. We show that:

• • If $\mathcal {F}$ is a family in $\mathcal {B}_n$ with $|\mathcal {F}|\ge (q-1+\varepsilon ){n\choose \lfloor n/2\rfloor }$ for some $q\ge k$, then $\mathcal {F}$ contains on the order of as many induced copies of P as is contained in the q middle layers of the Boolean lattice. This generalizes results of Bukh [9] and Boehnlein and Jiang [8] which guaranteed a single such copy in non-induced and induced settings, respectively.

• • The number of induced P-free families of $\mathcal {B}_n$ is $2^{(k-1+o(1)){n\choose \lfloor n/2\rfloor }}$, strengthening recent independent work of Balogh, Garcia, and Wigal [1] who obtained the same bounds in the non-induced setting.

• • The largest induced P-free subset of a p-random subset of $\mathcal {B}_n$ for $p\gg n^{-1}$ has size at most $(k-1+o(1))p{n\choose \lfloor n/2\rfloor }$, generalizing previous work of Balogh, Mycroft, and Treglown [4] and of Collares and Morris [10] for the case when P is a chain.

All three results are asymptotically tight and give affirmative answers to general conjectures of Gerbner, Nagy, Patkós, and Vizer [18] in the case of tree posets.