This paper examines trends in wage, income, and consumption inequality in Turkey from 2002 to 2023, a period marked by unorthodox economic policymaking before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Using microdata from the Turkish Statistical Institute’s Household Budget Survey and the Survey of Income and Living Conditions, we document several salient distributional patterns. Wage inequality declined steadily over two decades, including during the recent episode of policy experimentation – coinciding with sustained minimum wage hikes and a rising share of university-educated workers. Income inequality also fell, though less markedly, before reversing in recent years due to widening disparities in capital and entrepreneurial income. In addition, consumption inequality rose dramatically during the unorthodox policy period, exceeding income inequality growth and driven primarily by a surge in durable goods consumption among top-decile households. These findings reveal the complex and multi-dimensional distributional consequences of unconventional economic policy in emerging markets and highlight the importance of examining inequality across multiple dimensions when evaluating policy effectiveness.

A growing body of evidence suggests that conditional cash transfers (CCTs) can shift voters’ electoral choices. Yet there remains a mismatch between reliance on aggregated municipal data and individual-level theories focused on retrospective rewards or reduced vulnerability to clientelism. Since CCTs also produce plausible spillovers on nonbeneficiaries, verifying who reacts, and how, is crucial to understanding their electoral effects. To empirically unbundle individual and spillover effects, the analysis exploits plausibly exogenous variation between beneficiaries of Brazil’s Bolsa Família and those on the waiting list. The evidence suggests that CCTs strengthen beneficiaries’ attitudes against clientelism, but they vote no differently than nonbeneficiaries. However, spillovers are strong: As CCT coverage expands, both beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries turn against local incumbents. This pattern is inconsistent with existing theory, which relies on either polarization or positive spillovers. Instead, I propose a theory of collective confidence derived from strategic voting incentives in which CCT expansion fortifies all voters in resisting clientelism.

This descriptive and exploratory observational case series examined intestinal colonisation and subsequent bacteraemia due to ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-Kp) in preterm neonates in Morocco. Prospective bacteriological cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing were supported by phenotypic methods, including Brilliance ESBL Agar and the NG-Test CARBA-5 assay, for the rapid detection of ESBL and carbapenemase producers. Molecular analysis using PCR was also undertaken to identify specific resistance genes. A total of 567 rectal swabs were collected from 339 preterm neonates, yielding 293 K. pneumoniae isolates. ESBL-producing strains were identified in 53.6% of the neonates (182/339). Detected resistance genes included blaSHV (26.3%), blaCTX-M-1 (42.8%), blaTEM (30.2%), blaOXA-48 (50.0%), blaNDM(15.3%), and blaVIM (4.9%). Principal risk factors for colonisation were low birth weight (OR 1.69), very preterm birth (OR 6.24), enteral tube feeding (OR 2.02), and prolonged use of third-generation cephalosporins (OR 1.26). Among the neonates studied, 32 (9.4%) developed healthcare-associated bacteraemia, with 56.2% of these cases preceded by intestinal colonisation with ESBL-Kp. Clinically, severe respiratory distress and alveolar haemorrhage were strongly associated with increased mortality (aRR = 29.32 and 4.45, respectively). The findings highlight the clinical importance of early screening to guide infection control and antimicrobial stewardship in neonatal intensive care settings.

Online panels have become an important resource for research in political science, but the compensation offered to panelists incentivizes them to become “survey professionals,” raising concerns about data quality. We provide evidence on survey professionalism exploring three US samples of subjects who donated their browsing data, recruited via Lucid, YouGov, and Facebook (total $n = 3,886$). Survey professionalism is common, but varies across samples: by our most conservative estimate, we find 1.7% of respondents on Facebook, 7.$\color {black}6$% on YouGov, and 34$\color {black}.7$% on Lucid to be professionals (under the assumption that professionals are as likely as non-professionals to donate data after conditioning on observable demographics available from all online survey takers). However, evidence that professionals lower data quality is limited: they do not systematically differ demographically or politically from non-professionals and do not exhibit more response instability. They are, however, somewhat more likely to speed, straightline, and attempt to take questionnaires repeatedly. To address potential selection issues in donating of browsing data, we present sensitivity analyses with lower bounds for survey professionalism. While concerns about professionalism are warranted, we conclude that survey professionals do not, by and large, distort inferences of research based on online panels.

To investigate the effects of vocabulary practice timing on lexical learning and neural processing during communication tasks, we engaged 80 Japanese learners of English (40 pairs) in information-gap tasks with vocabulary practice in the pre-task or post-task phase. Learning of verb-noun combinations was orally assessed through translation and narrative tasks one week later. To quantify neural coupling between participants during task-based interaction, hyperscanning with fNIRS was used to measure inter-brain synchronization (IBS). Results showed that pre-task vocabulary practice led to greater learning, while post-task practice resulted in higher IBS in the brain region underlying language processing. Better vocabulary practice performance predicted more automatic use of multiword expressions in the post-task condition. IBS in the brain regions underlying social cognition and language processing predicted multiword learning. These findings reveal how practice timing influences neural synchronization and language acquisition, highlighting the importance of balancing lexical learning with communication processes in task-based language teaching.

Faced with a national blood culture bottle shortage, our institution formed a multidisciplinary stewardship team and implemented policy changes. This reduced orders by 60%, potentially saving $145,000 monthly, while maintaining stable in-hospital sepsis mortality rates.

Violent conflicts are often accompanied by symbols commemorating past violence. I argue that political symbols exert a causal effect on future violence. Such symbols generate shared understandings of the prevailing social order. Symbols that affirm this order may act as substitutes for performative violence motivated by status concerns, while their removal may signal contestation, increasing violence. I test this theory by examining the effect of Confederate monument construction on lynchings and public executions in the postbellum U.S. South. Using a difference-in-differences design and original archival work, I find that Confederate monuments reduced violence, acting as a substitute for performative violence in constructing a white supremacist social order. Effects are concentrated in counties where racial threat is higher. I then test the effects of Confederate monument removals in the present-day US and find that removals increased the likelihood of anti-Black hate crimes.

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine profoundly disrupted Arctic governance, challenging the long-standing notion of Arctic exceptionalism and creating enduring turbulence. While scholarly debate has largely focused on geopolitical and institutional consequences, the local-level impacts remain underexamined. This study investigates adaptive governance (AG) responses to the war’s effects in Norway’s northernmost counties, Troms and Finnmark, which share a direct border with Russia. The analysis draws on the concepts of crisis, turbulence, and AG, situating them within broader scholarship on how decision-making сenters respond to crises and turbulence and political adaptation. It examines stakeholder responses across four key domains: civilian preparedness, international cooperation, infrastructure development, and the economic repercussions of sanctions. Based on 19 semi-structured interviews, policy documents, and media analysis, the study reveals both adaptation and persistent challenges shaped by pre-existing governance structures, demographic and economic conditions, and past cooperation with Russia. The study contributes to AG literature by unpacking the interplay between strategies, highlighting structural constraints, and demonstrating how geopolitical disruptions shape local governance in strategically significant environments.

Populist radical right parties across Europe have consistently capitalized on refugee crises to advance anti-immigrant agendas. By employing extensive content analysis of social media posts from February 2022, the onset of the Russo-Ukrainian war, to March 2023, this article examines how Bulgarian, Czech, German and Polish populist radical right actors discursively contest and reinvent the legitimacy of Ukrainian war refugees. Two dominant narratives emerge. First, radical right politicians assessed the legitimacy of seeking refuge based on ethnicity, reasons for flight and gender, initially welcoming Ukrainians as vulnerable Europeans who needed immediate protection. Second, radical right rhetoric quickly endorses nativist connotations. Despite their cultural proximity, war refugees are now portrayed as an imminent threat to security, welfare and national identity. This study sheds light on the consistency of the discursive tactics populist radical right parties employ when shaping public opinion on solidarity, national identity, immigration and foreign policy.

Speakers adapt their syntactic preferences based on syntactic experience. However, it is not clear what cognitive mechanism underlies such adaptation. While error-based mechanisms suggest that syntactic adaptation depends only on the relative frequency of syntactic structures, memory-based mechanisms suggest that both frequency and recency of syntactic structures matter in syntactic adaptation. To distinguish between these two mechanisms, I manipulated the order of passive and active primes in two syntactic priming experiments, presenting passive primes either before active primes (active-recent condition) or after them (passive-recent condition), while controlling for frequency. The results showed that the magnitude of priming was numerically greater in the passive-recent condition than in the active-recent condition in Experiment 1, and significantly greater in Experiment 2. These results provide novel evidence that syntactic adaptation involves a memory-based mechanism.

This study investigated an 18‑week teacher education model grounded in technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). Known as CATERR (comprehending, analyzing, teaching, evaluating, reflecting, and refining), this teacher education model cultivated the computer-assisted language learning (CALL) competencies of 43 content and language integrated learning (CLIL) preservice teachers (PSTs) from Taiwan. The model promotes peer coaching, where participants collaborate, reflect, and refine their teaching over three rounds. The study utilized a multi-method case study and triangulated the quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data refers to the TPACK-CLIL questionnaire administered before and after the teacher education model. Qualitative data included lesson plans, self-analysis, teaching demonstration videos, revised lesson plans, classroom discussion records, peer evaluations, and reflection notes. Data analysis involved paired-samples t-tests and descriptive statistics for the coding framework, thematic analysis for qualitative data, and a repeated measures ANOVA to compare three total scores across three rounds using scoring rubrics. Results showed that the CATERR teacher education model enhanced CLIL PSTs’ self-perceived and observed CALL competencies. Specifically, as “digital native” PSTs with high levels of technological knowledge (TK), they successfully transferred their TK into TPACK by adding pedagogical values and contextualizing the ICT tools in their CLIL lessons. Meanwhile, their ability to use ICT tools to facilitate interaction and students’ autonomous learning substantially improved. The theoretical and pedagogical implications for CALL teacher education research and practice are discussed.

Indonesia’s population skews young, so political analysts are increasingly concerned with what the “youth vote” looks like, and what generational change will bring to Indonesia’s democracy. On the one hand, analysts have historically focused on the liberal political activism of more educated cohorts of young people, and especially those in urban areas. On the other, and most recently, young Indonesians overwhelmingly voted for Prabowo Subianto in the 2024 presidential elections, suggesting this cohort to be either unaware of, or unperturbed by, his authoritarian history. This paper examines how young Indonesians perceive their country’s democratic trajectory. We analyze two decades of nationally representative survey data, and examine the democratic preferences of Indonesian voters whose political socialization took place entirely in the post-authoritarian era (1998–). The results suggest both life-cycle and intriguing cohort effects: on average, Indonesians become more positive towards their democracy as they age; but we also find that Indonesia’s Gen Zs are more satisfied with democracy than other generational cohorts—despite a precipitous decline in the quality of Indonesian democracy over the past decade. We argue, therefore, that while all Indonesians show high levels of satisfaction with their weakening democracy, young Indonesians, more than other generations, can be understood as ‘complacent democrats.’

The operation of high-power and high-repetition-rate laser systems is commonly disrupted by the failure of optical components. Optical coatings in vacuum systems accumulate laser-induced contamination (LIC) and are damaged afterward. Currently, only active LIC mitigation methods involving plasma cleaning or oxygen injection in the system are used, which require additional interventions and can disrupt the regular operation. The presented investigation aims to study the multilayer coating design influence on the formation of LIC for dielectric high-reflectivity Bragg mirrors. The manipulation of electric field enhancement on the surface and the material of the last layer revealed that silica tends to accumulate more surface contamination than hafnia materials. Also, the size of the affected area linearly depends on the strength of the E-field at the coating surface. These findings suggest that optimizing coating design – specifically by controlling the E-field distribution and top-layer material – can minimize LIC growth, potentially extending the lifespan of optical components in high-power laser applications, including space and industrial systems.

Latinas and Asian American women are often labeled “women of color” (WOC). But taking up the identity of WOC is a choice; not all Latinas and Asian American women self-identify as WOC. Building on intersectionality theory and recent work on “of color” identities, we propose that WOC identification has the potential to translate into broader political alliances with other marginalized groups. We evaluate this expectation with data from the 2020 Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey (CMPS). We added a survey question about self-identification as WOC to the 2020 CMPS, making research possible about the nature and implications of the WOC ID. We theorize that Latinas and Asian American women who self-identify as WOC will be more supportive of policies that disproportionately benefit marginalized outgroups. We find evidence that WOC ID is positively related to supporting these policies, as hypothesized. We also investigate whether racial resentment limits the effects of WOC ID and discuss the implications. We argue that this study demonstrates the significance of the WOC identity and its role in the creation of political coalitions.

Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) is grown as a cover crop due to its ability to enhance soil health and suppress weeds through allelopathy, but germination responses of different weed species to allelochemicals have not been studied for seeds varying in age and consequently vigor. This study investigated the allelopathic effects of cereal rye on the germination of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Seeds were germinated in vitro in media with allelochemicals secreted by roots of cereal rye lines varying in allelopathic activity. Seeds were subjected to an accelerated aging treatment to modify their vigor. Results showed that aged seeds exhibited 31% lower germination than non-aged seeds. The magnitude of the germination reduction due to the presence of allelochemicals was species dependent. In the absence of allelochemicals, L. sativa exhibited a 20% reduction in germination due to aging, while the reduction was greater than 60% when allelopathy and aging were combined. Non-aged S. faberi seeds increased germination under low allelopathy conditions, with 20% greater germination compared with the non-treated control. Digitaria sanguinalis did not respond to seed aging, and the high allelopathy treatment reduced germination less than 10%. Amaranthus palmeri exhibited the highest germination and was the only species that was not affected by the seed aging and allelopathy treatments. Germination rate was reduced by seed aging and to a lesser extent by allelochemicals. Results suggest that incorporating allelopathic S. cereale varieties in cover crop rotations can reduce weed populations. However, the age structure of the seedbank might determine the importance of allelochemicals for emergence at the species level, likely causing weed community shifts.