A simple application of urn models is useful in spelling out the way in which, in abstraction, if the parents are distributed in Hardy-Weinberg form, that form is reproduced in offspring with nonrandom mating. A measure of divergence from random mating is proposed and illustrated by numerical examples. The scope of urn models of stochastic processes in population genetics theory is set out.

The intensification of pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) production systems raises concerns regarding animal welfare, particularly during pre-slaughter conditions, a phase associated with significant stress. Saliva is increasingly recognised as a non-invasive matrix for detecting stress-related biomarkers in pigs. This preliminary study aimed to explore salivary protein changes in pigs subjected to two distinct pre-slaughter conditions at the slaughterhouse, improved (Group A) and stressful (Group B), by tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics. Proteomic analysis of saliva from three pigs per group revealed 13 proteins with a statistically significant difference in relative abundance between the groups. Group B showed elevated levels of proteins linked to metabolic stress, inflammation, and coagulation, such as cystatin-C and fibrinogen chains, while proteins like vimentin and follistatin-related protein were decreased. Cystatin-C and vimentin were further validated by immunoassays in 12 additional pigs per group, confirming their differential abundance. These findings suggest that salivary cystatin-C and vimentin, along with the other 11 proteins that showed changes at proteomics, may serve as candidate biomarkers of acute stress at slaughter. While further validation is required, our results support the potential of salivary proteomics for welfare monitoring in livestock.

Studies have called for exploring authentic leadership in diverse contexts, as organizations expressed a need for credible leadership amid challenging business times and societal volatilities. However, there has been limited consideration of the cultural and contextual boundaries of authentic leadership. This paper addresses this gap in literature and expands the empirical evidence by investigating the conceptualization of authentic leadership through a qualitative study in the context of West Africa. To this end, this research adopts a life-story approach with a variety of 16 business executives who shared their leadership experiences from Ghana. The findings of this research not only support and enrich the multifactorial characteristics of authentic leadership but also reveal an emerging dimension described as collective orientation. Additionally, the findings indicate that authentic leadership holds cultural relevance in emerging economies. Therefore, managers aiming to promote authentic leadership in their organizations need to recognize contextual values and cultivate appropriate environments to achieve positive outcomes.

Career progression in academia is negotiated across multiple stages, yet the relational and institutional dynamics shaping these negotiations remain underexamined. This article examines how career progression negotiations unfold between STEM women academics and decision-makers, including faculty Deans, within Australian universities. Drawing on constructivist grounded theory, the study analyses 50 interviews across 14 STEM faculties. The study finds that career progression negotiations are identity-evaluative encounters that determine whether women academics are recognised as legitimate and promotion-ready. Women academics are required to render their identities visible, coherent, and credible, while decision-makers selectively interpret these claims through institutional expectations of readiness, risk, and merit. These evaluative negotiations accumulate across formal and informal interactions, shaping career trajectories before promotion decisions are made. By theorising intersectional identity negotiation as a relational and co-constructed process, the study recasts career progression as an institutional site of negotiated power, highlighting how practices reproduce or contest inequities in academia.

Given an action by a finite quantum group $\mathbb {G}$ on a von Neumann algebra M, we prove that a number of familiar $W^*$ properties are equivalent for M and the fixed-point algebra $M^{\mathbb {G}}$ (i.e., hold or not simultaneously for the two algebras); these include being hyperfinite, atomic, diffuse, and of type I, $II$, or $III$. Moreover, in all cases, the canonical central projections of M and $M^{\mathbb {G}}$ cutting out the summand with the respective property coincide. The result generalizes its classical-$\mathbb {G}$ analog due to Jones–Takesaki.

This paper is a part of the project supported by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 call (project ID is 101027432). We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the participants of the sessions organized at the World Economic History Congress in Paris, CLIO World Conference in Dublin, and the European Historical Economics Society meeting in Groningen, WEast 2023 Conference in Prague, as well as the participants of the seminar series in Utrecht, Groningen, Abu Dhabi (NYU), London (LSE), Odense (SDU), and Berlin (Humboldt), the participants of internal seminars at the University of Southern Denmark and the University of Bologna. We are especially thankful to the participants of the 2023 Summer Workshop in the Economic History and Historical Political Economy of Eurasia (Paris). We especially appreciate the help of Dmitrii Khitrov with map design. We also acknowledge substantive comments by Jutta Bolt, Jonathan Chapman, Herman de Jong, Steven Hoch, Andrei Markevich, Steven Nafziger, Paul Sharp, Alessandro Stanziani, and Jan Luiten van Zanden.

The 2024 election of Donald Trump has been followed by executive decisions never before experienced in the history of American democracy. This new approach is grounded on a radical right (RR) program that had already been put in place in the Hungary of Viktor Orbán, who is presented as a model by Trump. Both leaders have defined a performative communication style, attracting a large segment of their respective citizenry. This style is based on the strategic use of common sense. However, we barely know how commonsensical executive RR leaders are during one of the most sacred events in a liberal democracy: the annual State of the Union or State of the Nation address. Based on a critical discourse analysis of the multiple speeches produced by Trump and Orbán in the frame of these events, the current research investigates the routinized and multifaceted usefulness of common sense to contest liberal democracy. The findings indicate that these leaders use the state address as a ritual of liberal democracy to impose a new RR order grounded in commonsensical policies, polities, and authorities.

This paper examines workplace bullying in the hospitality sector – an industry paradoxically defined by welcoming others – through a mixed-method approach integrating large-scale quantitative analysis with an in-depth qualitative case study. Study 1 draws on survey data from 2,302 hospitality employees in Aotearoa, New Zealand, to identify the prevalence, patterns, and perpetrators of bullying, and employees’ confidence in employer responses. Over half (56%) reported experiencing or witnessing bullying, with women and supervisors most affected. Study 2 explores a Māori hospitality business guided by manaakitanga (care), whanaungatanga (relationships), and tika (fairness), illustrating how Māori values can counter bullying behaviours. Together, the studies reveal the gap between hospitality’s ideals and workplace realities, proposing Māori-informed approaches as a pathway towards more respectful, inclusive, and restorative organisational environments. The paper contributes to management and hospitality scholarship by demonstrating how Indigenous relational ethics can operationalise organisational care as an antidote to workplace harm.

The UK Supreme Court has recently clarified the principle of bad faith in UK trade mark law in the case of SkyKick UK Ltd v Sky Ltd.1 This commentary examines the UK Supreme Court’s approach and provides a brief analysis of its implications on UK trade mark applications made for defensive purposes.

Drawing upon a large longitudinal qualitative study on lived experiences of food aid in England, we question contemporary academic and policy categorisations and portrayals of food aid. Contrary to ideas of a diverse food aid sector offering choice and dignity, we identify clear uniformity in the language participants use to describe different forms of food charity; any organisation which offers food for free or at very low cost to take away is predominantly described as a ‘food bank’. Simultaneously, however, we find marked inequalities in lived experiences of food charity by gender, age and race and ethnicity, and clear indications that demographically oriented exclusion is ever-present in food aid. We argue that the key fault line shaping lived experiences of the UK community food sector is not the ‘type’ of provision but demography (age, gender and parenthood, race and ethnicity) and yet inequalities remain broadly ignored in discussions of UK food aid. In doing so, we provide a critical contribution to scholarship on the changing nature of welfare pluralism and the lived experience of poverty today.

This study compares postnominal finite relative clauses and their translation equivalents in a parallel corpus of German and English. Of particular interest are cases where one language, generally English, used a syntactically and semantically reduced nominal modifier instead of the finite relative. Such contrasts in language use are linked to contrasts in their grammars whereby German has been described as having a “tighter fit” in general between forms and their corresponding semantic representations and English a “looser fit.” This same typology is now seen as operating in actual usage as well, even though both languages share the same finite structure plus numerous reduced modifiers. The data presented here illustrate how the tight-fit/loose-fit typology can be extended into quantitative predictions for testing on cross-language corpora and they support a hypothesized correspondence between grammatical variation and performance variation.*

Iran is one of the most stigmatised countries of the twenty-first century: having been sanctioned by the US since 1979, the Islamic Republic was declared part of the ‘axis of evil’ by President George W. Bush in 2002, and from 2006 onwards, it has been subject to multilateral, comprehensive and wide-reaching economic sanctions. In June 2025, this discursive and economic attack on Iran transitioned to direct military bombardment. For the United States and its allies, Iran is a pariah state. This stigmatisation of Iran is an example of the kinds of practices that contribute to the social construction of the international order, whereby some countries are designated as ‘inside’ and others as ‘outside’ the community of established states. Needless to say, Iran has been placed firmly in the ‘outside’ category ever since 1979. At the same time as accepting and even at times embracing this ‘outsider’ status, however, Iran has also sought to raise its own international standing and to be accepted as an ‘insider’.

Dielectric lens antennas provide significant advantages for various radar-based applications. While an ellipsoidal geometry is often utilized due to its beneficial antenna characteristics and its point-like feed into the lens, its length and antenna reflections are drawbacks for some applications. In this work, we investigate the design of a Fresnel-based lens antenna to overcome these limitations. A quasioptical design is presented, highlighting its ability to reduce internal reflections of lens antennas. Additionally, the effects of the number of Fresnel steps and manufacturing tolerances are analyzed. Measurements validate the design and demonstrate the reduction of internal reflections by more than 13 dB, leading to an increased measurement range in a Tank Level Probing Radar scenario and a size and weight reduction of 41% and 34%, respectively.

Hate crime legislation was introduced in Ireland for the first time in 2024 through the Criminal Justice (Hate Offences) Act 2024. The Irish legislation draws heavily on the Scottish Hate Crime and Public Order (Scotland) Act 2021 and uses both the ‘motivation test’ and ‘demonstration test’ for establishing liability. We explore how the demonstration test might be interpreted in Ireland given the absence of a stated mens rea in the legislation to accompany the actus reus of demonstrating hatred. We explore whether a mens rea is necessary in the operative part of legislation through the lens of recent Irish case law on the issue, examine analagous case law from Britain, and ask whether the 2024 Act can withstand judicial scrutiny.