The analyzed data provide evidence for sound changes that involve cumulative effects in the phonologization of phonetic duration. The data come from Kashubian, an understudied, endangered language spoken in northwestern Poland, and illustrate two historical processes: preservation and loss of ultra-short vowels (jers) and compensatory lengthening. The unified analysis of the two processes hinges on a reinterpretation of phonetic vowel duration as phonological length. Phonetic duration is contextual: Vowels in head syllables, in open syllables, and before voiced consonants tend to be longer than vowels in non-head syllables, in closed syllables, and before voiceless consonants. The effects are cumulative in the sense that all three conditions must co-occur on a single vowel. The discussed changes provide support for phonological models that (i) allow phonological constraints to access fine-grained phonetic information and (ii) are capable of deriving cumulative effects. The data contribute to the typology of cumulative processes by providing novel evidence of alternations that are simultaneously conditioned by the prosodic and segmental context.

Structural induction is pervasively used by functional programmers and researchers for both informal reasoning as well as formal methods for program verification and semantics. In this paper, we promote its dual—structural coinduction—as a technique for understanding corecursive programs only in terms of the logical structure of their context. We illustrate this technique as an informal method of proofs which closely match the style of informal inductive proofs, where it is straightforward to check that all cases are covered and the coinductive hypotheses are used correctly. This intuitive idea is then formalized through a syntactic theory for deriving program equalities, which is justified purely in terms of the computational behavior of abstract machines and proved sound with respect to observational equivalence.

This article critically assesses the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), once seen as a flagship of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and its failure to deliver on its ambitious promises in Pakistan. Instead of driving economic growth and cohesion, the CPEC exposed deep governance challenges – marked by institutional fragility, lack of elite consensus, and military dominance in policymaking. Strategic and security imperatives often outweighed economic rationale, resulting in a non-transparent process that sidelined parliament and marginalized provincial actors. Projects were selected based on political expediency rather than viability, leading to inefficiencies and delays. The CPEC also re-centralized power, weakening provincial autonomy and intensifying center-periphery tensions, particularly in Balochistan. In Gwadar, local communities saw disruption without benefit, fueling political discontent. Investor confidence waned amid an uneven playing field and the failure of Special Economic Zones to take shape. Far from transformative, the CPEC reinforced narrow elite interests, worsened federal strains, and deepened Pakistan’s economic and institutional uncertainties.

This paper presents a study focusing on the morphological variations in Southwestern Norwegian preschool children’s role-play register. Within this register, the children switch between their local Southwestern Norwegian dialect and a Central Eastern Norwegian variety similar to the Oslo dialect. Although the majority of the children (with the exception of two) employ this Central Eastern Norwegian variety in role-play, two children exhibited a significantly greater degree of usage compared to the others. Consequently, these two children were selected for an in-depth analysis. The detailed analysis reveals that while the Central Eastern Norwegian variety is used for most variables by both children, the extent to which they code-switch depends on the individual child and the specific variable in question. The observed variation across variables and between the children is examined and discussed in the paper.

A broadband, antireflective metasurface optic on a silica substrate is subjected to laser-induced damage-threshold measurements to quantify its performance under exposure to high-intensity/fluence laser pulses in the near-infrared at four pulse durations, ranging from 20 fs to 1.4 ns. The performance of the metasurface is benchmarked against that obtained from an equivalent bare fused-silica substrate that did not receive reactive-ion-etching metasurface treatment. Results showed that the damage threshold of the antireflective metasurface was always lower than the input-surface damage threshold of the untreated substrate. The damage initiations with nanosecond and picosecond pulses resulted in localized modification and removal of the nanostructures, whereas the onset of laser-induced modification with 20-fs pulses in a vacuum environment manifested as changes in the optical and electronic properties without significant material removal. The broader goal of this work is to develop a preliminary understanding of the laser-induced failure mechanisms of silica-based metasurface optics.

Prior to the Second World War, the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden was the home of ‘international’ opera (original-language performances, multinational casts, a cosmopolitan audience), and was an outlier in a country where ‘national’ opera (performances in English, predominantly British casts, ‘opera for the people’) was the norm. The theatre reinvented itself in 1946, launching a new national company that would perform in English and use unknown British singers. Within a short period of time, this modus operandi would fail. Focusing closely upon internal policy documents, this article examines how the company navigated a course between the two models, national and international, between 1946 and 1969. It found itself attempting to satisfy parties with diverging viewpoints: audiences who preferred international opera; the Arts Council, which demanded the company serve the nation; politicians who recognised opera as a tool of cultural diplomacy; competitor institutions overseas; and the public. The company had to strike a fine balance between two apparently contradictory imperatives: the need to consolidate its status as a key national institution, in order to justify public funding, while also establishing itself as a ‘transnational’ entity, projecting an image of British cultural confidence to those watching from abroad.

This retrospective review describes changes in prophylactic antibiotic prescribing practices for Veterans undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUPB) and the incidence of post TRUPB infection-related hospitalizations before and after an antimicrobial stewardship intervention.

Ce numéro spécial est le résultat de la collaboration entre les membres du Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire sur la normativité (GRIN) durant l’année 2023-2024. Principalement situé dans les universités de l’île de Montréal, ce groupe a pour objectif d’explorer le thème de la normativité en philosophie selon trois axes principaux : normativité et société, normativité et affectivité, normativité et connaissance. Une visée commune s’est progressivement révélée au fil de nos rencontres : dévoiler de manière critique les différentes sortes de normativité qui ont été soit oubliées, soit ignorées. Cela nous a donc laissé croire que certaines normes pourraient avoir été perdues de vue, et c’est de là que nous sont venus le titre et le thème de ce numéro spécial : « À la recherche des normes perdues ». La présente introduction donne un aperçu des huit articles qui forment le numéro.

Special Ricci–Hessian equations on Kähler manifolds $(M,g)$, as defined by Maschler [‘Special Kähler–Ricci potentials and Ricci solitons’, Ann. Global Anal. Geom. 34 (2008), 367–380], involve functions $\tau $ on M and state that, for some function $\alpha $ of the real variable $\tau\kern-0.8pt $, the sum of $\alpha \nabla d\tau\kern-0.8pt $ and the Ricci tensor equals a functional multiple of the metric g, while $\alpha \nabla d\tau\kern-0.8pt $ itself is assumed to be nonzero almost everywhere. Three well-known obvious ‘standard’ cases are provided by (non-Einstein) gradient Kähler–Ricci solitons, conformally-Einstein Kähler metrics, and special Kähler–Ricci potentials. We show that, outside of these three cases, such an equation can only occur in complex dimension two and, at generic points, it must then represent one of three types, for which, up to normalizations, $\alpha =2\cot \tau\kern-0.8pt $, $\alpha =2\coth \tau\kern-0.8pt $, or $\alpha =2\tanh \tau\kern-0.8pt $. We also use the Cartan–Kähler theorem to prove that these three types are actually realized in a ‘nonstandard’ way.

Students’ interfering behaviour is a common concern among educators working in special and general education classrooms. Interfering behaviour can significantly compromise students’ educational experiences and educators’ ability to create a conducive learning environment. Evidence-based assessments and interventions for interfering behaviour in the classroom involve identifying the variables in the student’s immediate environment influencing these behaviours. There has been little to no dissemination of evidence-based assessments for classroom management in developing nations such as South Africa and Vietnam. In the current study, we used a single-case design to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of behavioural skills training (BST) in teaching educators from South Africa and Vietnam how to assess students’ interfering behaviour in the classroom. The training was divided into four phases, with the different steps involved in teaching participants how to assess interfering behaviour. All participants successfully acquired the trained skills and demonstrated a shift in their explanation of the causes of interfering behaviour.

Obtaining high-resolution, autonomous and continuous measurements of internal and interfacial convection at the ice–ocean interface is important to understand sea-ice desalination, compare the effects of gravity drainage and salt segregation, and give insight into the behaviour of the sublayer beneath the ice. We present the first digital image processing method that can be applied to Schlieren images from a quasi-2D Hele-Shaw cell to provide continuous high-frequency measurements of fingers and streamers, which are linked to interfacial and internal convection, respectively. Previous studies lack the ability to provide a temporal evolution of this dynamic system at a high enough resolution to investigate these interactions. The improved algorithm confirms previous results, while providing a more detailed and statistically acceptable description of the processes during artificial sea-ice growth. We demonstrate that internal convection exhibits a highly variable behaviour that changes in time. As the ice growth rate decreases to its minimum value, internal convection becomes periodically inactive while interfacial convection remains active throughout the experiments. This temporal change suggests a dominant, shorter time-period for gravity drainage to occur and a longer time-period over which salt segregation occurs, while the oscillation in expulsion behaviour suggests that the sublayer is more turbulent than diffusive.

Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) astrometry is used to determine the three-dimensional position and proper motion of astronomical objects. A typical VLBI astrometric campaign generally includes around ten observations, making it challenging to characterise systematic uncertainties. Our study on two bright pulsars, B0329+54 and B1133+16, involves analysis of broadband Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) data over $\sim30$ epochs (spanning approximately 3.5 yr). This extended dataset has significantly improved the precision of the astrometric estimates of these pulsars. Our broadband study suggests that, as expected, the primary contribution to systematic uncertainties in L-band VLBI astrometry originates from the ionosphere. We have also assessed the effectiveness of the modified total electron content (TEC) mapping function, which converts vertical TEC to slant TEC, in correcting ionospheric dispersive delays using global TEC maps. The astrometric parameters (parallax and proper motion) obtained from the multiple datasets, calibrated using the traditional and the modified TEC mapping functions, are consistent. However, the reduced chi-square values from least-squares fitting and precision of the fitted astrometric parameters show no significant improvement, and hence, the effectiveness of the new TEC mapping function on astrometry is unclear. For B0329+54, the refined parallax estimate is $0.611^{+0.013}_{-0.013}$ mas, with best-fit proper motion of $\mu_{\alpha} = 16.960^{+0.011}_{-0.010}\, \textrm{mas}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$ in R.A. and and $\mu_{\delta} = -10.382^{+0.022}_{-0.022}\,\textrm{mas}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$ in Dec. These correspond to a distance of $1.64^{+0.03}_{-0.03}$ kpc and a transverse velocity of $\sim 154\, \textrm{km}\,{\rm s}^{-1}$. For B1133+16, the new estimated parallax is $2.705^{+0.009}_{-0.009}$ mas, with proper motions of $\mu_{\alpha} = -73.777^{+0.008}_{-0.008}\, \textrm{mas}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$ and $\mu_{\delta} = 366.573^{+0.019}_{-0.019}\, \textrm{mas}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$, implying a distance of $370^{+1}_{-1}$ pc and a transverse velocity of $\sim 656\, \textrm{km}\,{\rm s}^{-1}$. The proper motions of B0329+54 and B1133+16 are consistent within $1\sigma$ of the most precise values reported in the literature to date while achieving more than a twofold improvement in precision. Similarly, the parallax measurements for both pulsars show a $\sim 73\%$ enhancement in precision, with differences of approximately $\lt 1\sigma$ compared to the most precise published values to date.

This article describes how Egyptian state documents are scattered between governmental institutions, private collections, and the second-hand book and paper market. This scattering raises a practical question about the conditions under which official documents become discardable and commodifiable by bureaucrats, their families, and second-hand dealers. This scattering also raises a theoretical question about the nature of a state which takes uneven care in keeping a record of its own institutional past. After outlining the difficulties of access one faces in official archives in Egypt, the article fleshes out the sociological profile of different custodians of state paperwork—including families of bureaucrats, peddlers, and dealers—and the conditions under which state documents become commodified to this day. The overarching objective is not just to show the well-known limitations of national archives as a source of historical material, but also to show how actually existing “state archives” go well beyond the remit of official institutions, with notable consequences over our conception of the state.

This review article explores the legislative differences across Canadian jurisdictions with respect to involuntary admission and treatment pending appeal. Some jurisdictions restrict involuntary admission for mental illness to when there is a risk for serious bodily harm or physical impairment. However, the majority of jurisdictions recognize non-bodily harms or substantial mental or physical deterioration as grounds for involuntary admission when other criteria are met. Once a person is involuntarily admitted, jurisdictions differ on how treatment is authorized and whether treatment can commence while a person contests a finding of incapacity to treatment to the courts. Some jurisdictions permit treatment pending appeal while others do not. This article compares Canadian jurisdictions’ mental health legislation and addresses discrepancies through the lens of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Canada Health Act.

Community/patient voice has long been stifled in favor of the priorities of powerful health organizations that set the agenda for institutional practices and policies shaping health equity research. Academic Health Centers (AHC) and Clinical Translational Science Centers (CTSC) promote missions that are often unaligned with the realities of community and patient experiences when interacting with researchers and representatives from these institutions. Implementation science has increasingly adopted collaborative and participatory approaches to the design and implementation of health interventions co-created with community/patient group members as equal participants within community-academic partnerships. Community-based participatory research/community-engaged research are widely recognized as approaches to health intervention research that offers the potential for community-patient voice to be heard when the principles of authentic participatory research are adhered to throughout all aspects of the project. For AHC’s and CTSC’s to be fully engaged, the populations they serve must have access to institutional leadership and influence over decision-making about the organizational resources allocated to community/patient groups beyond efforts to cultivate a positive public image. The E2 community/patient champion team focus groups provide unique perspectives on how equitable institutional transformation can be accomplished in a retrospective assessment of the E2 PLUS Intervention.