Let W be a simply laced Weyl group of finite type and rank n. If W has type $E_7$, $E_8$ or $D_n$ for n even, then the root system of W has subsystems of type $nA_1$. This gives rise to an irreducible Macdonald representation of W spanned by n-roots, which are products of n orthogonal roots in the symmetric algebra of the reflection representation. We prove that in these cases, the set of all maximal sets of orthogonal positive roots has the structure of a quasiparabolic set in the sense of Rains–Vazirani. The quasiparabolic structure can be described in terms of certain quadruples of orthogonal positive roots which we call crossings, nestings and alignments. This leads to nonnesting and noncrossing bases for the Macdonald representation, as well as some highly structured partially ordered sets. We use the $8$-roots in type $E_8$ to give a concise description of a graph that is known to be non-isomorphic but quantum isomorphic to the orthogonality graph of the $E_8$ root system.

This article explores surrealism as an overlooked critical resource for International Relations theory (IR) and argues that surrealism’s legacy for international theorizing lies in its capacity to provoke radical reimaginings of the political status quo and to offer engagements with catastrophes that are not grounded in end time. Tracing the movement’s intellectual genealogy beyond its artistic origins, this article draws on key surrealist texts, particularly those of its founder, André Breton (1896–1966), to emphasise surrealism’s value as a sophisticated intellectual response to the horrors of the early and mid-twentieth century: nationalism, industrial warfare, rationalism, imperialism, and totalitarianism. The article offers two main contributions. First, its historico-political reading of surrealism enables a reinterpretation of the long-standing debate between realism and utopianism in IR. Highlighting important intersections between surrealism and international theory – most notably classical realism – it shows that the surrealist stress on the imagination as a radical, transformative force offers a stark reminder to contemporary IR theory of the necessity of utopian thinking. Second, the article claims that the surrealist foregrounding of myths opens imaginative pathways for confronting the Anthropocene, providing a crucial counterpoint to contemporary IR scholarship that predominantly frames planetary challenges through narratives of imminent collapse.

This study examined the impact of a short-term climate literacy (CL) course on pre-service teachers (PSTs) at a local college in Israel. Thirty-six science and communication PSTs participated. Using a mixed methods approach, pre and post-course questionnaires and assignment responses showed significant improvements in climate change knowledge and environmentally responsible behaviour (ERB) after the course. PSTs’ attitudes were key predictors of their ERB. The qualitative analysis supported these findings, revealing that the participants who were able to express complex climate knowledge also intended to reflect more environmentally responsible behaviour. 52.2% of participants with complex climate knowledge used diverse knowledge types to express ideas, reflecting a real commitment to environmental attitudes and personal behaviour. While 65% raised climate awareness within their families, only 33% discussed it, during their practicum, with students. Overall, the course significantly enhanced PSTs’ climate literacy in knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, even as a limited workshop. According to the findings, courses that promote climate literacy are necessary. The findings of this study indicate that a well-established short-term intervention may affect participants regarding a significant issue like climate change.

In a contemporary global political economy marked by the increasing semiotization of economic production, the commodification of political communication, and the fusion between media and capital, this special issue turns to the notion of “translation” to further our understanding of the role of language and semiosis within contemporary capitalism. Contrary to its conventional definition as inter-linguistic transfer of semantic meaning, we propose to view translation as a metasemiotic infrastructure for speeding up and scaling up production and for crafting forms of sociality and subjectivity conducive to capitalist valorization. The articles in this collection ethnographically explore the working of translation across registers, channels, modalities, semiotic fields, and ontological orders (as well as linguistic codes). Our goal is to analyze how translation affords the global circulation of standardized discursive protocols and institutional policy bundles, and enables the formation of politico-juridical networks of corporate personhood and (neo-)liberal governmentality. Furthermore, we investigate how translation can be resisted, sabotaged, or made invisible, showing how its semiotic metamarks can be alternatively disguised or highlighted within the regimes of uniqueness and seriality underlying contemporary forms of commodity production. This Introduction provides the theoretical backdrop underlying these diverse contributions.

We consider one-parameter families of smooth circle cocycles over an ergodic transformation in the base, and show that their rotation numbers must be log-Hölder regular with respect to the parameter. As an immediate application, we get a dynamical proof of the one-dimensional version of the Craig–Simon theorem that establishes that the integrated density of states of an ergodic Schrödinger operator must be log-Hölder.

As late as 1750, Portugal had a high output per head by Western European standards. Yet just a century later, Portugal was this region’s poorest country. In this paper, we show that the discovery of massive quantities of gold in Brazil over the eighteenth century played a key role in the long-run development of Portugal. The country suffered from an economic and political resource curse. A counterfactual based on synthetic control methods suggests that by 1800 Portugal’s GDP per capita was 40 percent lower than it would have been without its endowment of Brazilian gold.

The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that L2 speakers have fuzzy L2 word orthographic representations and this results in lexical confusions. A medium-term priming lexical decision task was used where orthographic neighbors (e.g., clever-clover) were presented as primes and targets. Form facilitation was predicted to be observed for orthographic neighbor, word prime-target pairs in L2 (but not in L1) because an L2 word prime and target with fuzzy orthographic representations would be processed like a repeated word leading to repetition priming. Contrary to our prediction, the present study, where native speakers of American English and proficient Korean learners of English were recruited, found form facilitation both in L1 and L2. However, the modulating role of word frequency and orthographic precision in form priming was found only in L2. This suggests that the form facilitation in L2 was qualitatively different from that in L1. We propose that the form facilitation in L1 occurred because the sublexical orthographic representations of the target and their association with corresponding phonological components were strengthened by the prime whereas form facilitation in L2 occurred due to form confusion caused by obscure boundaries of the orthographic representations of the L2 word prime and target.

Curvature-driven instabilities are ubiquitous in magnetised fusion plasmas. By analysing the conservation laws of the gyrokinetic system of equations, we demonstrate that the well-known spatial localisation of these instabilities to regions of ‘bad magnetic curvature’ can be explained using the conservation law for a sign-indefinite quadratic quantity that we call the gyrokinetic field invariant. Its evolution equation allows us to define the local effective magnetic curvature whose sign demarcates the regions of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ curvature, which, under some additional simplifying assumptions, can be shown to correspond to the inboard (high-field) and outboard (low-field) sides of a tokamak plasma, respectively. We find that, given some reasonable assumptions, electrostatic curvature-driven modes are always localised to the regions of bad magnetic curvature, regardless of the specific character of the instability. More importantly, we also deduce that any mode that is unstable in the region of good magnetic curvature must be electromagnetic in nature. As a concrete example, we present the magnetic-drift mode, a novel good-curvature electromagnetic instability, and compare its properties with the well-known electron-temperature-gradient instability. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the magnetic drift mode for high-$\beta$ fusion plasmas, and in particular its relationship with microtearing modes.

We examine individuals’ retirement behaviour in response to changes in the State Pension eligibility age (SPe-age) introduced in UK Pension Acts. Our findings show that the annual probability of retirement reduced significantly in response to a one-year increase in SPe-age, by 8.2pp and 6.4pp for men and women, respectively. They also show that younger individuals can adjust their Expected Age of Retirement (EAR) downwards in response to an increase in their SPe-age. Thus, while an increase in the SPe-age induces individuals to postpone actual retirement, it does not necessarily lead to certain groups of individuals to revise their EAR upwards, which could result in suboptimal retirement planning. The latter can be problematic for those with low occupational pension wealth and/or individuals who rely disproportionately on State Pension. Our findings suggest the need for targeted communication campaigns aimed at specific groups of prime aged workers to improve their retirement planning.

This article engages in a theoretical exercise, tackling an intentionally provocative question: is there such a thing as too much access to justice? Conventional wisdom suggests that barriers to access to justice ought to be low. Countless reform efforts put in place throughout the world have sought to expand access to justice and strengthen judicial institutions. What happens when access to these institutions is expanded? Who takes advantage of that access? Who is left behind? Weaving together scholarship on the unintended consequences of legal reforms and empirical examples from access to justice experiments in Canada, China, Colombia, India, Russia, South Africa, and the United States, this article shows how lowering material barriers to access to justice can: (1) increase strain on the legal system, (2) raise but fail to live up to expectations about the possibilities claim-making, (3) reinforce existing inequalities, and (4) offer limited and perhaps inadequate solutions.

We prove that Thompson’s group T and, more generally, all the Higman–Thompson groups $T_n$ have quadratic Dehn function.

This work presents a methodological alternative to the traditional study of objects arranged inside funerary bundles, with the aim of preserving the integrity of the bundle and optimizing the material resources and costs derived from the storage and unwrapping processes. The research employs computerized tomographic scans to study the metal artifacts chosen to accompany the individuals arranged inside funerary bundles. It is the first systematic characterization of funerary treatment to focus on the presence of metal objects as part of burial offerings and their relationship with the body of the deceased individuals in the Andean area. Analyzing a total of 85 funerary bundles from the central coast of Peru, the study identified 26 bundles, dating to between AD 1100 and 1532, that contained at least one metal object. The objects were recorded to identify their use, decoration, measurements, location within the bundle, and the presence of any other objects associated with the individual, which made it possible to discern metal objects present in bundles corresponding to female, male, and nonadult individuals. The research concludes that the presence of metal artifacts in a funerary bundle is an indicator of elevated status, although the choice of specific artifacts is determined by elements of an individual’s identity.

Depression, a leading cause of global disability, arises from a multifaceted combination of genetic and environmental components. This study explores the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) polygenic scores (PGS), characteristics and symptoms of depression, and community-shared socioeconomic factors derived from postal code data in a cohort of 12,646 individuals from the Australian Genetics of Depression Study (AGDS). Our findings reveal that people living in areas with relatively higher socioeconomic advantages and education/occupation scores are more likely to report experiencing fewer depressive symptoms during their worst depressive period, as well as fewer number of lifetime episodes. Additionally, participants who reported depression onset later in life tend to currently reside in wealthier areas. Interestingly, no significant interaction between genetic and socioeconomic factors was observed, suggesting their independent contribution to depression outcomes. This research underscores the importance of integrating socioeconomic factors into psychiatric evaluation and care, and points to the critical role of public policy in addressing mental health disparities driven by socioeconomic factors. Future research should aim to further elucidate the causal relationships within these associations and explore the potential for integrated genetic and socioeconomic approaches in mental health interventions.

For small-shear helical-axis stellarators, linear ideal-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability calculations and full-torus, nonlinear, electromagnetic gyrokinetic (GK) simulations (the latter with this unprecedented combination of objectives in stellarator GKs) in their linear phase are shown to yield well agreeing spatio-temporal structures of unstable, globally extended perturbations. Likewise, good agreement is found for their dependence on the plasma pressure and the vacuum-field magnetic well in plasma equilibria with identical gradient lengths of the temperature and density profiles. In the nonlinear phase, these perturbations with MHD signatures entail deformations of the magnetic surfaces, growing magnetic islands which rotate in the electron diamagnetic direction and, eventually, lead to ergodisation of a larger part of the magnetic surfaces.