The Connecting People and Community for Living Well initiative recognizes that communities, specifically multisector community teams, are a critical part of the provision of programs and supports for those affected by dementia. Effective collaboration and building and supporting the collective well-being of these multisector community teams is key to their success and sustainability. This research sought to understand what supports the well-being of community teams. Focus groups were conducted with multisector community teams who support those impacted by dementia from across four rural communities. The research team used thematic analysis to identify patterns emerging within and across focus groups. The findings highlighted three areas of importance: the need for a resource to support teams to measure, monitor, and describe the impact of their actions; ongoing support from a system-level team; and the development of local and/or provincial policy and infrastructure that supports sustaining collaborative community-based work.

Branched broomrape [Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel], a parasitic weed with a broad host range, is a quarantine pest in California. Phelipanche ramosa plants can produce thousands of tiny seeds that are easily spread by farm equipment. Best management practices for reducing dispersal risk include physical cleaning and disinfestation of farm equipment, but data on the efficacy of sanitizers on weed seeds are limited. A three-phase study was undertaken during 2022 to 2023 to evaluate quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizer efficacy on P. ramosa seed germinability. First, several QAC ingredients were evaluated at various concentrations (0 to 2.5 g per 100 ml) and exposure durations (1, 3, and 5 min) to develop initial germination curves. Second, the experiments were conducted with three commercial QAC sanitizers (MG4-Quat [Mg4], Flo-Quat, and Cleaner QT-185) at the recommended dose (1% v/v) and a field-relevant exposure duration (1 min). The final experiments evaluated commercial QAC sanitizer efficacy in the presence of various debris types. The initial experiments showed that alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADAC), didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DDAB), and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) effectively prevented P. ramosa germination, but the effective dose for a 50% reduction in P. ramosa seed germination ranged from 0.001% (g per 100 ml) at 10 min with DDAC to 0.35% (g per 100 ml) at 1 min with ADAC. While all three QAC sanitizers reduced seed germination 75% to 100% after a 1-min exposure to the recommended dose (1% v/v), this treatment did not affect seed germination in the presence of soil (100 mg ml−1) or fruit/plant tissue (40 mg ml−1). At higher concentrations of Mg4 (8% v/v), P. ramosa seed germination was reduced by 90% to 100%, even in the presence of soil and plant debris. This study demonstrates that while QAC sanitizers can reduce P. ramosa seed germinability, their efficacy is compromised in the presence of debris. Therefore, physical cleaning to reduce debris loads before QAC application is essential for reducing the risk of P. ramosa seed movement among fields on equipment.

The need to respect and (physically) protect the dead is well established under international and national laws and extends to human remains found in mass graves. Once mass graves are discovered, and prior to any investigation, the dead in mass graves should be secured to an extent through the protection of the site itself. Should investigations follow (due to human rights abuses or breaches of international humanitarian or international criminal law), then the dead, if excavated, are in the custody and protection of the investigating authorities. Following successful identification of human remains, their return to the next of kin may be possible, or appropriate reburial may ensue.

Engagement with mass graves is complex: no two mass graves are the same, and contexts differ, as may the legal framework governing mass graves. Building on the Minnesota Protocol, international standards for a rights-informed response to human remains found in mass graves are proffered by the Bournemouth Protocol on Mass Grave Protection and Investigation. A new research project now collates information to generate a digital global map of mass graves and asks how and to what extent this holds protective value. Such regularized mass grave mapping was advocated by former United Nations Special Rapporteur Agnès Callamard; indeed, mapping is increasingly employed in human rights contexts as a protection and justice-monitoring measure.

By combining legal, forensic and anthropological insights in responding to the question of data collation in relation to mass graves, this paper sheds light on ways of both conceptualizing and operationalizing digital mapping of mass graves and appraises what kind of protection this may hold for the dead. Structured into four main interrelated sections, the paper briefly anchors data collation as a protection measure under international legal provisions; it then examines the challenges associated with the curation and creation of a global map of mass graves by adopting anthropological, forensic and legal lenses on the subject of mass graves and the data generated surrounding the dead. In a third step, the paper outlines the methodological challenges encountered during the pilot phase of the study, before then offering analysis and discussion on our preliminary findings, where we conclude that the informative value of mass grave mapping holds protective potential, particularly in the absence of physical protection.

As well as offering an original inquiry that fits well with the theme of “protection of the dead”, the paper investigates the very boundaries of protection measures in the context of mass graves and what value they may hold. Such contribution to knowledge and practice is increasingly pressing in situations where physical protection of the dead is not forthcoming, and as an avenue to offer some (albeit incomplete) protection mechanisms for emerging mass grave landscapes: migratory deaths and the threat of mass fatalities arising from extreme climatic events.

The risk of losing access to crucial means-tested programs — like Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) — poses a barrier to the enrollment of low-income Americans in clinical trials. This burden likely disproportionately affects members of racial and ethnic minority groups, people with disabilities, elderly individuals, and rural populations, and may frustrate efforts to reflect the US population in clinical trial enrollment. To help achieve representative clinical trials for myriad conditions, Congress should pass legislation excluding payments to clinical trial participants from gross income and expand the clinical trial compensation exclusions for means-tested programs established in the Ensuring Access to Clinical Trials Act of 2015.

The World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research recommend a plant-based diet to cancer survivors, which may reduce chronic inflammation and excess adiposity associated with worse survival. We investigated associations of plant-based dietary patterns with inflammation biomarkers and body composition in the Pathways Study, in which 3659 women with breast cancer provided validated food frequency questionnaires approximately 2 months after diagnosis. We derived three plant-based diet indices: overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI) and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). We assayed circulating inflammation biomarkers related to systemic inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13). We estimated areas (cm2) of muscle and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT and SAT) from computed tomography scans. Using multivariable linear regression, we calculated the differences in inflammation biomarkers and body composition for each index. Per 10-point increase for each index: hsCRP was significantly lower by 6·9 % (95 % CI 1·6%, 11·8%) for PDI and 9·0 % (95 % CI 4·9%, 12·8%) for hPDI but significantly higher by 5·4 % (95 % CI 0·5%, 10·5%) for uPDI, and VAT was significantly lower by 7·8 cm2 (95 % CI 2·0 cm2, 13·6 cm2) for PDI and 8·6 cm2 (95 % CI 4·1 cm2, 13·2 cm2) for hPDI but significantly higher by 6·2 cm2 (95 % CI 1·3 cm2, 11·1 cm2) for uPDI. No significant associations were observed for other inflammation biomarkers, muscle, or SAT. A plant-based diet, especially a healthful plant-based diet, may be associated with reduced inflammation and visceral adiposity among breast cancer survivors.

We present a model that locates the source of vagueness as the speaker’s inability to perfectly perceive the world. We show that the agents will communicate clearly about the world as the sender perceives it. However, the implied meaning about the actual world will be vague. Vagueness is characterized by probability distributions that describe the degree to which a statement is likely to be true. Hence, we provide micro-foundations for truth-degree functions as an equilibrium consequence of the sender’s perception technology and his optimal, non-vague communication in the perceived world – connecting the epistemic and truth-degree approaches to vagueness.

Past studies that examined externalizing and internalizing symptoms in separate samples have found different trajectories associated with harsh parenting. The present study uses a complex set of longitudinal modeling to investigate the developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing symptoms associated with harsh parenting. We also explore the moderation of socioeconomic status and ethnicity by testing differences between income and racial groups. Using bivariate and multigroup latent change score modeling, we analyzed 12,909 participants from the Millennium Cohort Study. Results of the bivariate latent change score model showed that harsh parenting had a bidirectional association with externalizing symptoms but only a unidirectional association with internalizing symptoms. A further analysis using multi-group modeling showed that the association between harsh parenting and externalizing and internalizing symptoms differed across ethnic backgrounds but much less on socioeconomic status. Specifically, initial levels of harsh parenting predicted an increase in externalizing symptoms among White participants but not in non-White participants, and these ethnic differences cut across socioeconomic status classifications in a test of the interaction of ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Taken together, our findings suggest that the prevailing cultural norms surrounding harsh parenting may affect the degree to which it negatively impacts children’s mental health.

Globally, glaciers are changing in response to climate warming, with those that terminate in water often undergoing the most rapid change. In Alaska and northwest Canada, proglacial lakes have grown in number and size but their influence on glacier mass loss is unclear. We characterized the rates of retreat and mass loss through frontal ablation of 55 lake-terminating glaciers (>14 000 km2) in the region using annual Landsat imagery from 1984 to 2021. We find a median retreat rate of 60 m a−1 (interquartile range = 35–89 m a−1) over 1984–2018 and a median loss of 0.04 Gt a−1 (0.01–0.15 Gt a−1) mass through frontal ablation over 2009–18. Summed over 2009–18, our study glaciers lost 6.1 Gt a−1 to frontal ablation. Analysis of bed profiles suggest that glaciers terminating in larger lakes and deeper water lose more mass to frontal ablation, and that the glaciers will remain lake-terminating for an average of 74 years (38–177 a). This work suggests that as more proglacial lakes form and as lakes become larger, enhanced frontal ablation could cause higher mass losses, which should be considered when projecting the future of lake-terminating glaciers.

Objectives/Goals: Mayo Clinic Florida’s Clinical Research Units develop over 200 clinical studies on average annually. Almost 30% of these projects are developed and then are unable to activate due to a variety of operational factors. To increase the success rate, a scoring tool was created to assess the risk associated with the development of these research projects. Methods/Study Population: A project team comprised of members of research administration and physician leadership developed a rapid project management (RPM) scoring tool to assess operational risk factors. The scoring algorithm was embedded into an existing REDCap database, using a combination of identified variables and calculated fields. All noncancer industry sponsor-initiated clinical studies were scored at intake. According to the following categories: enrollment timelines, study team capacity, and previous experience with the Sponsor. Studies with a score greater than the established threshold were referred to physician leadership for transparent discussions with the principal investigator regarding the identified study development-related risks. Results/Anticipated Results: The RPM tool has assessed close to 200 projects since implementation in June 2022. An interim analysis is being conducted of all projects assessed by the RPM tool dating from implementation to May 2024 to compare the outcomes of these studies with the given RPM score. We anticipate based on anecdotal evidence gathered during the course of this pilot project that the RPM tool will show a correlation between risks identified and study outcomes as defined as successful activation of trials, or rationale of project development failures. We anticipate a reduction in the amount of time elapsed and effort expended developing projects with scores reflecting identified project development-related risk factors. Discussion/Significance of Impact: The RPM tool provides an opportunity to allocate resources to studies with the greatest potential for successful activation. In the future, the RPM tool may be used to identify risk factors associated with enrollment and accrual of participants.

Objectives/Goals: In January 2023, Mayo Clinic set a goal to have 10% of studies open for six months or more without accrual. At that time, Mayo Clinic Florida had 19% non-accruing studies and 18% non-accruing clinical trials. Research administration implemented strategies to improve accrual outcomes. Methods/Study Population: Two strategies were developed to address non-accruing trials: a clean-up approach and a proactive approach. The clean-up approach involves escalating studies that haven’t been enrolled in over 6 months, identifying barriers, and escalating communication with the principal investigator (PI) and research administration alongside a physician partner. The proactive approach targets studies at the 3-month mark to address issues before reaching 6 months without accrual. Both strategies aim to reduce the cost and effort of non-accruing studies by either creating an enrollment plan or closing the study. Results/Anticipated Results: Since implementation, Mayo Clinic Florida’s non-accruing study portfolio decreased by 10%, and its clinical trials non-accruing portfolio decreased by 7% as of October 2024. Research Administration tracks key metrics (reasons for no enrollment, justifications, and actions) to identify trends and mitigate future accrual risks. A REDCap electronic data capture tool hosted at Mayo Clinic (supported by CCaTS grant UL1TR002377)1 notifies principal investigators when their studies are non-accruing. Future plans include establishing an API with Mayo Clinic’s portfolio management system to streamline the process while maintaining awareness and collaboration. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Through increased monitoring, enhanced communication, and deeper collaboration, Mayo Clinic Florida effectively reduced non-accruing studies in its research portfolio. This approach minimizes effort and costs associated with under-enrolled studies while tracking key metrics to inform future study development.

Branched broomrape management is of increasing concern to California processing tomato growers. Field research was conducted in 2023 and 2024 to evaluate various application timings of chemigated rimsulfuron alone, preplant-incorporated (PPI) sulfosulfuron paired with chemigated rimsulfuron, and foliar maleic hydrazide alone and paired with PPI sulfosulfuron and chemigated rimsulfuron. In 2023, all treatments with 70 g ai ha−1 rimsulfuron, alone or paired with PPI sulfosulfuron, reduced broomrape emergence 77% to 92% compared to the nontreated control. In 2024, broomrape pressure was higher, and all rimsulfuron treatments reduced broomrape emergence 68% to 86% compared to the control. In both years, five applications of foliar maleic hydrazide reduced broomrape emergence through at least mid-season. The 2024 experiment included a combination treatment of PPI sulfosulfuron, chemigated rimsulfuron, and foliar maleic hydrazide, which resulted in <4 broomrape clusters plot−1. In a 2024 grower-scale demonstration trial, two application regimes totaling 70 g ai ha−1 of chemigated rimsulfuron reduced broomrape emergence 83% to 89% compared to the control. Overall, chemigated rimsulfuron applied at various timings and rates totaling 70 g ai ha−1 reduced broomrape emergence by two-thirds or more compared to the nontreated plots. No crop injury was observed in trials with rimsulfuron, sulfosulfuron, or maleic hydrazide treatments in small-plot trials or with rimsulfuron in the grower-scale demonstration trial. Under a recently approved 24(c) Special Local Need label, California growers can use three applications of rimsulfuron applied via chemigation to suppress broomrape in known infested fields or to reduce the risk of broomrape establishment in fields of concern for this quarantine pest. Promising results from sulfosulfuron and maleic hydrazide suggest that registering additional herbicides could help develop even more robust branched broomrape management programs.

The January 6th insurrection at the U.S. capital was an eye-opening moment for many Americans. With the 2024 election cycle in swing, members of the Democratic Party are using January 6th as a rallying call for the need to protect democracy. But were the events of January 6th viewed equally among liberals? We argue that the events of January 6th resonate for a particular demographic well-informed liberal White voters. We argue that liberal minority voters will feel the racial undertones of January 6th more than White liberals. Furthermore, we examine how voters of different races viewed the events of January 6th and how views on race relations impact their perceptions of January 6th. We find that White liberals are less angry about race relations in the aftermath of January 6th, and while they viewed January 6th as an insurrection and blamed Trump and Republicans in Congress for their role, they are less likely to say that racism and White Supremacy motivated the insurrectionists. This paper indicates that race plays a key role in political perceptions, even among those who hold similar political ideologies.

It was asked by E. Szemerédi if, for a finite set $A\subset {\mathbb {Z}}$, one can improve estimates for $\max \{|A+A|,|A\cdot A|\}$, under the constraint that all integers involved have a bounded number of prime factors, that is, each $a\in A$ satisfies $\omega (a)\leq k$. In this paper we show that this maximum is at least of order $|A|^{\frac {5}{3}-o_\epsilon (1)}$ provided $k\leq (\log |A|)^{1-\varepsilon }$ for any $\varepsilon \gt 0$. In fact, this will follow from an estimate for additive energy which is best possible up to factors of size $|A|^{o(1)}$.

Off-target herbicide drift away from rice is historically a concern in California, where susceptible crops such as orchards and vineyards are nearby. Tetflupyrolimet is a potent inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase that provides excellent grass weed control in rice cropping systems. In efforts to steward tetflupyrolimet before its registration in California, this research was conducted to compare the onset of foliar symptoms from tetflupyrolimet applications onto almond, grapevine, peach, pistachio, plum, and walnut. Tetflupyrolimet was applied to these tree and vine crops at fractional rates of 1/200×, 1/100×, 1/33×, and 1/10× of the 125 g ai ha–1 recommended use rate on rice. Almond, pistachio, and walnut trees also received 1× of the use rate. Tetflupyrolimet treatments were applied on one side of 3- to 4-yr-old almond, peach, pistachio, plum, and walnut trees, and on one side of 25- to 26-yr-old grapevines in 2022 and 2023. Visible injury ratings were carried out weekly to assess symptomology throughout the growing seasons and at leaf-out the following springs. Tree trunk diameter was recorded before and after herbicide applications. No injury was observed to any tested crops, regardless of the tetflupyrolimet application rate. In all orchard crops, tree trunk diameter was not affected by tetflupyrolimet treatments. Likewise, grape yield was not reduced even at the 1/10× tetflupyrolimet fractional rate. Since no injury symptoms were recorded, this research suggests that tetflupyrolimet can be safely used on nearby rice fields and might be a target for future registration consideration for use on orchard and vineyard crops.

The stratigraphic record of the Early Holocene in the Nebraska Sand Hills suggests dry climatic conditions and periods of sustained aeolian activity, which resulted in several well-documented instances of sand dunes blocking river drainages in the western Sand Hills. Here, we present evidence that drainage blockage by migrating sand dunes also occurred in the central Sand Hills, where precipitation is higher and dune morphology differs. The South Fork Dismal River valley contains a sequence of aeolian, alluvial, and lacustrine sediments that record a gradual rise of the local water table following a sand dune blockage of the river valley around 11,000 years ago. After the initial development of a wetland, a lake formed and persisted for at least 2000 years. Increased groundwater discharge due to a warm, moist climate in the region after 6500 years ago likely caused the breaching of the dune dam and eventually resulted in the decline of the local water table. Through a careful examination of the intricate relationships between ground water, surface water, and sand movement in a dune field setting, we discuss the hydrologic system's complex response to climate change. We use diatoms to reconstruct the lacustrine environment and optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon dating to provide chronological control, based on a careful evaluation of the strengths and limitations of each method in varied depositional environments.