The Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) offers powerful new capabilities for studying the polarised and magnetised Universe at radio wavelengths. In this paper, we introduce the Polarisation Sky Survey of the Universe’s Magnetism (POSSUM), a groundbreaking survey with three primary objectives: (1) to create a comprehensive Faraday rotation measure (RM) grid of up to one million compact extragalactic sources across the southern ∼ 50 per cent of the sky (20,630 deg2); (2) to map the intrinsic polarisation and RM properties of a wide range of discrete extragalactic and Galactic objects over the same area; and (3) to contribute interferometric data with excellent surface brightness sensitivity, which can be combined with single-dish data to study the diffuse Galactic interstellar medium. Observations for the full POSSUM survey commenced in May 2023 and are expected to conclude by mid-2028. POSSUM will achieve an RM grid density of around 30–50 RMs per square degree with a median measurement uncertainty of ∼1 rad m−2. The survey operates primarily over a frequency range of 800–1088 MHz, with an angular resolution of 20″ and a typical RMS sensitivity in Stokes Q or U of 18 μJy beam−1. Additionally, the survey will be supplemented by similar observations covering 1296–1440 MHz over 38 per cent of the sky. POSSUM will enable the discovery and detailed investigation of magnetized phenomena in a wide range of cosmic environments, including the intergalactic medium and cosmic web, galaxy clusters and groups, active galactic nuclei and radio galaxies, the Magellanic System and other nearby galaxies, galaxy halos and the circumgalactic medium, and the magnetic structure of the Milky Way across a very wide range of scales, as well as the interplay between these components. This paper reviews the current science case developed by the POSSUM Collaboration and provides an overview of POSSUM’s observations, data processing, outputs, and its complementarity with other radio and multi-wavelength surveys, including future work with the SKA.

The GLEAM 4-Jy (G4Jy) Sample is a thorough compilation of the ‘brightest’ radio sources in the southern sky (Declination < 30°), as measured at 151MHz (S151 MHz > 4.0 Jy) with the MurchisonWidefield Array (MWA), through the GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky MWA (GLEAM) Survey. In addition to flux-density measurements, the G4Jy cataloguea provides host-galaxy identifications (through careful visual-inspection) and four sets of spectral indices. Despite their brightness in the radio, many of these sources are poorly-studied, with the vast majority lacking a spectroscopic redshift in published work. This is crucial for studying the intrinsic properties of the sources, and so we conduct a multi-semester observing campaign on the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), with optical spectroscopy enabling us to provide new redshifts to the astronomical community. Initial results show that not all of the host galaxies exhibit emission-line spectra in the optical (∼4500–7500Å), which illustrates the importance of radio-frequency selection (rather than optical selection) for creating an unbiased sample of active galactic nuclei. By combining SALT redshifts with those from the 6-degree Field Galaxy Survey (6dFGS) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we calculate radio luminosities and linear sizes for 299 G4Jy sources (which includes one newly-discovered giant radio-galaxy, G4Jy 604). Furthermore, with the highest redshift acquired (so far) being z ∼ 2.2 from SDSS, we look forward to evolution studies of this complete sample, as well as breaking degeneracies in radio properties with respect to, for example, the galaxy environment.

We examine the optical counterparts of the 1829 neutral hydrogen (H I) detections in three pilot fields in the Widefield ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind surveY (WALLABY) using data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Legacy Imaging Surveys DR10. We find that 17 per cent (315) of the detections are optically low surface brightness galaxies (LSBGs; mean g-band surface brightness within 1 Re of > 23 mag arcsec−2) and 3 per cent (55) are optically ‘dark’. We find that the gas-rich WALLABY LSBGs have low star formation efficiencies, and have stellar masses spanning five orders of magnitude, which highlights the diversity of properties across our sample. 75 per cent of the LSBGs and all of the dark H I sources had not been catalogued prior to WALLABY. We examine the optically dark sample of the WALLABY pilot survey to verify the fidelity of the catalogue and investigate the implications for the full survey for identifying dark H I sources. We assess the H I detections without optical counterparts and identify 38 which pass further reliability tests. Of these, we find that 13 show signatures of tidal interactions. The remaining 25 detections have no obvious tidal origin, so are candidates for isolated galaxies with high H I masses, but low stellar masses and star-formation rates. Deeper H I and optical follow-up observations are required to verify the true nature of these dark sources.

Cardiometabolic pregnancy complications (gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm birth (PTB)) present a unique sex-specific risk factor for future cardiometabolic disease(1–5). Lifestyle modifications and healthful behaviour change (diet and physical activity), which can be supported by the delivery of evidence-based lifestyle interventions, are important factors in modifying risks of cardiometabolic conditions(2,6,7). Pregnancy and postpartum present unique windows of opportunity to intervene and prevent or delay the onset of cardiometabolic pregnancy complications and future cardiometabolic disease(2,8). Co-design considers the end-users wants, needs, preferences, characteristics and abilities throughout the entirety of the design process(9,10). Co-design processes engage women with lived experience alongside other key stakeholders including; community organisations, healthcare professionals, primary healthcare and health promotion experts14. In line with patient-centred care it offers the opportunity to design lifestyle interventions that are adapted to suit end-users, in the hope of increasing uptake, engagement, implementation success and sustainability(11). This study aims to co-design and explore stakeholders’ perspectives of the acceptability and feasibility of a lifestyle and screening intervention to reduce cardiometabolic risk amongst women at risk of or diagnosed with a cardiometabolic pregnancy complication. A descriptive qualitative research design was utilised. Two 2-hour co-design group workshops and a series of one-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with women with prior GDM, HDP, IUGR and/or PTB (n = 11), and research partners (obstetricians, endocrinologists, community health representatives, researchers, midwives, general practitioners, dietitians) (n = 14). Participants were provided with an overview of a potential lifestyle intervention, discussed the acceptability of each intervention component (outlined by the TIDieR framework; brief name, why, what, who provided, how, where, when and how much, tailoring, modifications, how well(12)), and the feasibility of implementation (outlined by the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability(13) and the APEASE criteria for intervention design(14)). Workshops and interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using template analysis. Analysis highlighted 10 key themes. Participants recommended the intervention is holistic, user-friendly, empowering, empathetic, patient-centred and culturally sensitive. Participants highlighted the importance of good risk communication, focusing on a positive, healthy pregnancy as opposed to risk reduction. Participants recommended providing additional resources and access to health services to complement intervention content. Participants suggested the intervention be delivered by female healthcare professionals from a range of cultural backgrounds with expertise in cardiometabolic pregnancy complications and postpartum management. Participants discussed the importance and value of the proposed intervention in filling what was perceived as a current healthcare gap for women at risk and diagnosed with cardiometabolic conditions during and following pregnancy. Engaging stakeholders to co-design an intervention that aligns with women’s and the healthcare system’s preferences, needs and priorities will support the development of an acceptable intervention for implementation in a real-world setting.

Objectives/Goals: Research supports the use of music to improve the care and well-being of adults living with dementia; however, the practice and implementation of music in elder care communities is not regulated. The goal of this qualitative study was to survey elder care communities in Northeast Kansas to determine the use of music with people living with dementia. Methods/Study Population: We interviewed staff (n = 10) at five elder care communities in the Kansas City Metro area and observed musical activities and artifacts in shared living spaces within each community. Interview questions included details of the frequency and purpose of using music, who determined which music to use, and any effects, positive or negative, the interviewee believed to be associated with the use of music. Musical events, visiting musicians or music therapists leading group sing-alongs were observed at two communities, and music-related activities led by staff were observed at two others. Results/Anticipated Results: Music was used in some way at each of the five communities. Each location had recorded music available to residents in the shared living spaces, and most had a piano in the main lounge area. During the sing-along and music-related activities, residents were observed singing along to songs from memory, engaging with one another and the group leader and smiling. Staff employed by each community varied in their level of musical training and experience, from none to a full-time music therapist in residence. Staff interviewed said they believed music was helpful to aid memory recall, reduce anxiety, and to engage interest. Interestingly, a music therapist at one site also described how music during mealtimes created too much of a distraction for residents and interfered with dietary care. Discussion/Significance of Impact: It is clear from both the staff interviews and direct observations of musical activities that music is important to consider for people living with dementia in care communities. Guidelines for implementation and minimum standards would be helpful to ensure all care community residents can experience benefits highlighted by staff in this study.

Objectives/Goals: Mayo Clinic Florida’s Clinical Research Units develop over 200 clinical studies on average annually. Almost 30% of these projects are developed and then are unable to activate due to a variety of operational factors. To increase the success rate, a scoring tool was created to assess the risk associated with the development of these research projects. Methods/Study Population: A project team comprised of members of research administration and physician leadership developed a rapid project management (RPM) scoring tool to assess operational risk factors. The scoring algorithm was embedded into an existing REDCap database, using a combination of identified variables and calculated fields. All noncancer industry sponsor-initiated clinical studies were scored at intake. According to the following categories: enrollment timelines, study team capacity, and previous experience with the Sponsor. Studies with a score greater than the established threshold were referred to physician leadership for transparent discussions with the principal investigator regarding the identified study development-related risks. Results/Anticipated Results: The RPM tool has assessed close to 200 projects since implementation in June 2022. An interim analysis is being conducted of all projects assessed by the RPM tool dating from implementation to May 2024 to compare the outcomes of these studies with the given RPM score. We anticipate based on anecdotal evidence gathered during the course of this pilot project that the RPM tool will show a correlation between risks identified and study outcomes as defined as successful activation of trials, or rationale of project development failures. We anticipate a reduction in the amount of time elapsed and effort expended developing projects with scores reflecting identified project development-related risk factors. Discussion/Significance of Impact: The RPM tool provides an opportunity to allocate resources to studies with the greatest potential for successful activation. In the future, the RPM tool may be used to identify risk factors associated with enrollment and accrual of participants.

Objectives/Goals: Imaging neuromas, benign tumors of nerve tissue, can be difficult in amputees with osseointegrated (OI) prostheses, in which a metal rod is implanted into the residual limb. Magnetic resonance imaging can be inadequate due to the implanted metal. The aim of this study is to assess the use of ultrasound to detect neuromas in patients with OI prostheses. Methods/Study Population: This is a single-institutional observational study of 7 patients undergoing lower limb OI prostheses. Lower extremity nerve ultrasounds with 2-D grayscale and Doppler were completed at postoperative follow-up visits following OI prosthesis implantation. Specifically, the sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, common peroneal nerve, and sural nerve were targeted for imaging. Neuromas found on ultrasound were measured by maximal length in three planes. Results/Anticipated Results: Our study to date includes two patients with OI prostheses. The remaining patients will be accrued by the end of December. The first patient with a left below-the-knee amputation completed imaging 3 years after OI prosthesis implantation. The common peroneal nerve showed preserved fascicular architecture and morphology, with no distinct neuroma formation. However, the sural nerve demonstrated a 6 × 5 × 4 mm neuroma with minimal pain with deep palpation. The tibial nerve demonstrated a 14 × 11 × 8 mm neuroma within the medial calf musculature, with mild pain with deep palpation. The second patient with a right above-the-knee amputation was imaged 10 months after OI prosthesis implantation. The sciatic nerve demonstrated preserved fascicular morphology and terminated in a smooth taper. There was no defined neuroma. Discussion/Significance of Impact: In conclusion, we have preliminarily shown in the first two patients that ultrasound can successfully image neuromas in patients with OI prostheses in the postoperative period. Furthermore, despite a patient that was 3 years postoperative with two neuromas, the neuromas produced minimal to mild pain with targeted palpation.

The recommended first-line treatment for insomnia is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi), but access is limited. Telehealth- or internet-delivered CBTi are alternative ways to increase access. To date, these intervention modalities have never been compared within a single study. Further, few studies have examined (a) predictors of response to the different modalities, (b) whether successfully treating insomnia can result in improvement of health-related biomarkers, and (c) mechanisms of change in CBTi. This protocol was designed to compare the three CBTi modalities to each other and a waitlist control for adults aged 50–65 years (N = 100). Participants are randomly assigned to one of four study arms: in-person- (n = 30), telehealth- (n = 30) internet-delivered (n = 30) CBTi, or 12-week waitlist control (n = 10). Outcomes include self-reported insomnia symptom severity, polysomnography, circadian rhythms of activity and core body temperature, blood- and sweat-based biomarkers, cognitive functioning and magnetic resonance imaging.

Evolutionary scientists argue that prosociality has been central to human ecological success. Theoretical models and behavioural experiments have found that prosociality, and cooperation in particular, is conditional and context dependent, that individuals vary in their propensity to cooperate, and that reciprocity stabilizes these behaviours within groups. Experimental findings have had limited validation with observations of behaviour in natural settings, especially in organizational contexts. Here, we report in situ measurements of collective action, which show that reciprocity is abundant in organizations embedded in a cash economy. We study small ‘food clubs’, where members share bulk purchases and are considered to be heavily dependent on cooperation. We use high-resolution data on the economic interactions of 1,528 individuals across 35 clubs and over a combined 107 years of operation. We develop a network method to detect different directional and temporal forms of economic reciprocity, and statistically classify individual behavioural types akin to those in experiments. We find abundant direct reciprocity, supplemented by indirect reciprocity, and that members of most clubs can be identified as consistent reciprocators. This study provides initial observational evidence that economic reciprocity may be more abundant in real-world settings, sharpening the findings of the behavioural study of cooperation and contributing to the more naturalistic study of reciprocity and prosociality.

North Carolina growers have long struggled to control Italian ryegrass, and recent research has confirmed that some Italian ryegrass biotypes have become resistant to nicosulfuron, glyphosate, clethodim, and paraquat. Integrating alternative management strategies is crucial to effectively control such biotypes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate Italian ryegrass control with cover crops and fall-applied residual herbicides and investigate cover crop injury from residual herbicides. This study was conducted during the fall/winter of 2021–22 in Salisbury, NC, and fall/winter of 2021–22 and 2022–23 in Clayton, NC. The study was designed as a 3 × 5 split-plot in which the main plot consisted of three cover crop treatments (no-cover, cereal rye at 80 kg ha−1, and crimson clover at 18 kg ha−1), and the subplots consisted of five residual herbicide treatments (S-metolachlor, flumioxazin, metribuzin, pyroxasulfone, and nontreated). In the 2021–22 season at Clayton, metribuzin injured cereal rye and crimson clover 65% and 55%, respectively. However, metribuzin injured both cover crops ≤6% in 2022–23. Flumioxazin resulted in unacceptable crimson clover injury of 50% and 38% in 2021–22 and 2022–23 in Clayton and 40% in Salisbury, respectively. Without preemergence herbicides, cereal rye controlled Italian ryegrass by 85% and 61% at 24 wk after planting in 2021–22 and 2022–23 in Clayton and 82% in Salisbury, respectively. In 2021–22, Italian ryegrass seed production was lowest in cereal rye plots at both locations, except when it was treated with metribuzin. For example, in Salisbury, cereal rye plus metribuzin resulted in 39,324 seeds m–2, compared to ≤4,386 seeds m–2 from all other cereal rye treatments. In 2022–23, Italian ryegrass seed production in cereal rye was lower when either metribuzin or pyroxasulfone were used preemergence (2,670 and 1,299 seeds m–2, respectively) compared with cereal rye that did not receive an herbicide treatment (5,600 seeds m–2). cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)

A clinical and translational scientist (CTS) often seeks to increase their knowledge of statistical topics to effectively conduct biomedical research studies. A common method for obtaining this knowledge is through existing online educational materials that are suggested by a biostatistical collaborator or identified by the CTS. However, the volume of available educational materials on diverse statistical topics makes the task of identifying high-quality educational resources at an appropriate level challenging and time consuming for CTSs and collaborative biostatisticians. In response to these challenges, the Biostats4You website was created, where existing online educational materials for a variety of statistical topics are vetted to identify those most appropriate for CTSs. In this manuscript, we describe the resource review process, provide information about statistical topics and resources currently available, and make recommendations for how CTSs and collaborative biostatisticians can utilize the Biostats4You website to improve training, mentoring, and collaborative research practices.