Background: Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy (DCM) is a progressive condition causing cervical spinal cord injury. Disease severity is commonly assessed using the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) score, yet clinical guidelines do not integrate pain—a key symptom—in evaluations. This meta-analysis examines the relationship between pain scores and quality of life outcomes (QOL) in surgical DCM patients. Methods: A comprehensive literature search using MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase identified 73 studies. Data regarding pain scores (VAS/NRS) and QOL outcomes (SF-12, SF-36) were extracted by 2 independent reviewers and all conflicts were resolved by the senior author. The number of patients analyzed in the studies included was 929. Results: Meta-regression identified no significant relationship between pain and SF-36 preoperatively but found a significant negative correlation at 3 months (r = -0.67, p<0.05), 6 months (r = -0.65, p<0.05), 1 year (-0.63, p<0.05), and 2 years (r = -0.62, p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results indicate a strong relationship between postoperative pain and QOL among patients with DCM. Surgeons and care teams should prioritize optimal pain management postoperatively for patients with DCM.

The First Large Absorption Survey in H i (FLASH) is a large-area radio survey for neutral hydrogen in and around galaxies in the intermediate redshift range $0.4\lt z\lt1.0$, using the 21-cm H i absorption line as a probe of cold neutral gas. The survey uses the ASKAP radio telescope and will cover 24,000 deg$^2$ of sky over the next five years. FLASH breaks new ground in two ways – it is the first large H i absorption survey to be carried out without any optical preselection of targets, and we use an automated Bayesian line-finding tool to search through large datasets and assign a statistical significance to potential line detections. Two Pilot Surveys, covering around 3000 deg$^2$ of sky, were carried out in 2019-22 to test and verify the strategy for the full FLASH survey. The processed data products from these Pilot Surveys (spectral-line cubes, continuum images, and catalogues) are public and available online. In this paper, we describe the FLASH spectral-line and continuum data products and discuss the quality of the H i spectra and the completeness of our automated line search. Finally, we present a set of 30 new H i absorption lines that were robustly detected in the Pilot Surveys, almost doubling the number of known H i absorption systems at $0.4\lt z\lt1$. The detected lines span a wide range in H i optical depth, including three lines with a peak optical depth $\tau\gt1$, and appear to be a mixture of intervening and associated systems. Interestingly, around two-thirds of the lines found in this untargeted sample are detected against sources with a peaked-spectrum radio continuum, which are only a minor (5–20%) fraction of the overall radio-source population. The detection rate for H i absorption lines in the Pilot Surveys (0.3 to 0.5 lines per 40 deg$^2$ ASKAP field) is a factor of two below the expected value. One possible reason for this is the presence of a range of spectral-line artefacts in the Pilot Survey data that have now been mitigated and are not expected to recur in the full FLASH survey. A future paper in this series will discuss the host galaxies of the H i absorption systems identified here.

Excess sodium consumption, mostly from dietary salt, causes high blood pressure and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease(1). In parallel, insufficient potassium intake also contributes to raised blood pressure(2). Switching regular salt for potassium-enriched salt, where a proportion of the sodium chloride is replaced with potassium chloride, is a promising public health intervention to address both these issues(3). However, the supply chain to support increased use of potassium-enriched salt in Australia is not well understood. The objectives of this study were to investigate how the salt supply chain operates in Australia and to obtain food industry stakeholder perspectives on the technical barriers and enablers to increased potassium-enriched salt use. Twelve interviews with industry stakeholders (from food companies, salt manufacturers and trade associations) were conducted and thematically analysed using a template analysis method. Two top-level themes were developed: ‘supply chain practices’ and ‘technical barriers and enablers’. The potassium-enriched salt supply chain was described as less well-established than the low-cost production and distribution of regular salt in Australia. However, food companies reported not having difficulty sourcing potassium chloride. For Australian food industry stakeholders, cost, flavour and functionality were perceived as key barriers to increased uptake of potassium-enriched salt as a food ingredient. Stakeholders from food companies were hesitant to use potassium-enriched salt due to concerns about bitter or metallic flavours and uncertainty whether it would provide the same microbial/shelf-life functions or textural quality as regular salt. However, potassium-enriched salt manufacturers had divergent opinions stating potassium-enriched salt was a suitable functional replacement for regular salt and that flavour differences observed may be due to the incorrect use of potassium chloride as opposed to use of a purpose-made potassium-enriched salt. Stakeholders identified that establishing a stable and affordable supply of potassium-enriched salt in Australia and increased support for food technology research and development would enable increased use. To improve uptake of potassium-enriched salt by the Australian food industry, future efforts should focus on strengthening potassium-enriched salt supply chains and improving appeal for food industry to use in manufacturing and for consumers to purchase. Public health advocacy efforts should ensure that industry is equipped with the latest evidence on the feasibility and benefits of using potassium-enriched salt as an ingredient. Ongoing engagement is critical to ensure that industry is aware of their responsibility and opportunity to offer healthier foods to consumers by switching regular salt to potassium-enriched salt within foods.

The Magellanic Stream (MS), a tail of diffuse gas formed from tidal and ram pressure interactions between the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds (SMC and LMC) and the Halo of the Milky Way, is primarily composed of neutral atomic hydrogen (HI). The deficiency of dust and the diffuse nature of the present gas make molecular formation rare and difficult, but if present, could lead to regions potentially suitable for star formation, thereby allowing us to probe conditions of star formation similar to those at high redshifts. We search for $\text{HCO}^{+}$, HCN, HNC, and C$_2$H using the highest sensitivity observations of molecular absorption data from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) to trace these regions, comparing with HI archival data from the Galactic Arecibo L-Band Feed Array (GALFA) HI Survey and the Galactic All Sky Survey (GASS) to compare these environments in the MS to the HI column density threshold for molecular formation in the Milky Way. We also compare the line of sight locations with confirmed locations of stars, molecular hydrogen, and OI detections, though at higher sensitivities than the observations presented here.

We find no detections to a 3$\sigma$ significance, despite four sightlines having column densities surpassing the threshold for molecular formation in the diffuse regions of the Milky Way. Here we present our calculations for the upper limits of the column densities of each of these molecular absorption lines, ranging from $3 \times 10^{10}$ to $1 \times 10^{13}$ cm$^{-2}$. The non-detection of $\text{HCO}^{+}$ suggests that at least one of the following is true: (i) $X_{\text{HCO}^{+}{}, \mathrm{MS}}$ is significantly lower than the Milky Way value; (ii) that the widespread diffuse molecular gas observed by Rybarczyk (2022b, ApJ, 928, 79) in the Milky Way’s diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) does not have a direct analogue in the MS; (iii) the HI-to-$\text{H}_{2}$ transition occurs in the MS at a higher surface density in the MS than in the LMC or SMC; or (iv) molecular gas exists in the MS, but only in small, dense clumps.

We present the Pilot Survey Phase 2 data release for the Wide-field ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind surveY (WALLABY), carried-out using the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP). We present 1760 H i detections (with a default spatial resolution of 30′′) from three pilot fields including the NGC 5044 and NGC 4808 groups as well as the Vela field, covering a total of $\sim 180$ deg$^2$ of the sky and spanning a redshift up to $z \simeq 0.09$. This release also includes kinematic models for over 126 spatially resolved galaxies. The observed median rms noise in the image cubes is 1.7 mJy per 30′′ beam and 18.5 kHz channel. This corresponds to a 5$\sigma$ H i column density sensitivity of $\sim 9.1\times10^{19}(1 + z)^4$ cm$^{-2}$ per 30′′ beam and $\sim 20$ km s$^{-1}$ channel and a 5$\sigma$ H i mass sensitivity of $\sim 5.5\times10^8 (D/100$ Mpc)$^{2}$ M$_{\odot}$ for point sources. Furthermore, we also present for the first time 12′′ high-resolution images (“cut-outs”) and catalogues for a sub-sample of 80 sources from the Pilot Survey Phase 2 fields. While we are able to recover sources with lower signal-to-noise ratio compared to sources in the Public Data Release 1, we do note that some data quality issues still persist, notably, flux discrepancies that are linked to the impact of side lobes associated with the dirty beams due to inadequate deconvolution. However, in spite of these limitations, the WALLABY Pilot Survey Phase 2 has already produced roughly a third of the number of HIPASS sources, making this the largest spatially resolved H i sample from a single survey to date.

This essay traces a disjointed aesthetics of hereditary units in Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure (1895) and Chinese filmmaker Wang Xiaoshuai's So Long, My Son (2019) and argues that shared social and economic conditions of Victorian Britain and postsocialist China prompt similar ruptures of social realism's totalizing aspirations. The novel and the film are mutually concerned with tragedies of biopolitical management and doomed lineages, but at the same time they both employ an aesthetics of leapings and projections—also featured in Hardy's 1917 poem “Heredity”—that argues for the value of an individual life based on a radical divestment from personhood itself, in favor of the gene's mindless jumps through unmapped space and time.

Crystal structures, microtopography, morphologies, elemental compositions, and ionic conductivity have been investigated for Li5-xLa3(Nb,Ta)O12-y using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopies (S/TEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Using Rietveld refinements with powder XRD patterns, we determined that the number of Li atoms in the formula is less than 5 and that Li5-xLa3(NbTa)O12-y crystallizes in the cubic garnet structure with a space group Ia-3d. Sintering at varying temperatures (750–1000 °C) for 5 h in an ambient atmosphere produced distinct outcomes. Rietveld refinements disclosed that the sample sintered at 1000 °C (Li3.43(2)La3Nb1.07(2)Ta0.93(2)O12-y, a = 12.8361(7) Å, V = 2114.96(3) Å3) exhibited the highest ionic conductivity, while the 850 °C sample had the lowest conductivity, characterized by lower Li concentration and impurity phases (Li(Nb,Ta)3O88, Li2CO3). Analyses, including XRD and electron microscopy, confirmed the 1000 °C sample as a relatively phase pure with enhanced Li content (Li/La = 1.2), larger grains (15 μm), and uniform crystallinity. The 1000 °C sample introduced additional partially filled Li3 (96h) sites, promoting Li migration, and enhancing ionic conductivity. The resulting XRD pattern at 1000 °C has been submitted to the Powder Diffraction File as a reference.

Recent research has shown the potential of speleothem δ13C to record a range of environmental processes. Here, we report on 230Th-dated stalagmite δ13C records for southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia, over the last 40,000 yr to investigate the relationship between tropical vegetation productivity and atmospheric methane concentrations. We demonstrate that the Sulawesi stalagmite δ13C record is driven by changes in vegetation productivity and soil respiration and explore the link between soil respiration and tropical methane emissions using HadCM3 and the Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. The model indicates that changes in soil respiration are primarily driven by changes in temperature and CO2, in line with our interpretation of stalagmite δ13C. In turn, modelled methane emissions are driven by soil respiration, providing a mechanism that links methane to stalagmite δ13C. This relationship is particularly strong during the last glaciation, indicating a key role for the tropics in controlling atmospheric methane when emissions from high-latitude boreal wetlands were suppressed. With further investigation, the link between δ13C in stalagmites and tropical methane could provide a low-latitude proxy complementary to polar ice core records to improve our understanding of the glacial–interglacial methane budget.

This paper introduces a viscous vortex model for predicting the optimal drag reduction of riblet surfaces, eliminating the need for expensive direct numerical simulations (DNSs) or experiments. The footprint of a typical quasi-streamwise vortex, in terms of the spanwise and wall-normal velocities, is extracted from smooth-wall DNS flow fields in close proximity to the surface. The extracted velocities are then averaged and used as boundary conditions in a Stokes-flow problem, wherein riblets with various cross-sectional shapes are embedded. Here, the same smooth-wall-based boundary conditions can be used for riblets, as we observe from the DNSs that the quasi-streamwise vortices remain unmodified apart from an offset. In particular, the position of these vortices remain unpinned above small riblets. The present approach is compared with the protrusion-height model of Luchini et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 228, 1991, pp. 87–109), which is also based on a Stokes calculation, but represents the vortex with only a uniform spanwise velocity boundary condition. The key novelty of the present model is the introduction of a wall-normal velocity component into the boundary condition, thus inducing transpiration at the riblet crests, which becomes relevant as the riblet size increases. Consequently, the present model allows for the drag-reduction prediction of riblets up to the optimal size. The present approach does not rely on the scale separation formally required by homogenisation techniques, which are only applicable for vanishingly small riblets.

Considering the 1500+ pages making up the 39 chapters of this work on Chinese economic history from ancient times to the present, this review essay suggests ways The Cambridge Economic History of China contributes new perspectives on economic history more generally and on plausible connections between the pathways of Chinese economic change that begin in the distant past and point toward the future. The essay addresses specifically Chinese elements in its economic history and identifies the ways in which nineteenth- and twentieth-century engagement with Westerners contributed to the Chinese economy’s future development but in no comprehensive manner explain how modern Chinese economic change took place. Among the highlighted features of Chinese economic history that chapters of this work make visible are the persistent presence of state efforts to manage and shape economic activity forming a distinct tradition of political economy and the long-standing awareness of many of the relationships between population, agriculture, and the natural environment.