Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) programmes have become a key part of every major airline’s safety management system. They are primarily based on learning from unwanted deviations in flight parameters encountered during normal flight operations. Owing to its unique nature, anomaly detection of FDM presents distinct problem complexities from the majority of analytical and learning tasks. This methodology, while useful, concentrates only on a small part of the operation, leaving most of the data unprocessed, and does not allow for analysing events that had the potential to go wrong but were recovered in time by the crews. This research focused on analysing an FDM dataset of 1332 approaches between January 2018 and July 2022 at Tenerife South Airport (Spain), where there is a known phenomenon of increasing headwinds during the final approach. The flights were clustered using self-organising maps (SOM) by patterns of increasing headwinds, and the clusters were assessed in terms of clustering performance. The clusters were well differentiated. A further comparison between the results from the airline showed that 88 flights were affected by wind shifts, while 27 flights were picked up by the airline. The results demonstrate that SOMs are a meaningful tool for clustering flight data and can complement the current FDM analysis methodology. Combining both methodologies could shift FDM data analysis to look beyond exceedances into what went well, thus shifting the FDM paradigm towards a more safety-II-based method.

The effect of heating synthetic microcrystalline goethite at 60°, 80°, and 105°C was studied by X-ray powder diffraction, electron microscopy, weight-loss measurements, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Heating led to no detectable changes in the unit-cell parameters or crystallite size (210, 150, and 170 Å in the [020], [110], and [120] directions, respectively), however, some of the X-ray diffraction lines were broadened due to an increase in microstrain in these crystallographic directions. The superferromagnetic transition temperature increased from 43° to 46°, 53°, and 54°C after heating to 60°, 80°, and 105°C, respectively, showing that the desorption of water from the surfaces led to an enhanced magnetic coupling among the crystallites.

This research utilizes a valuable data source to explain voter registration and political knowledge by Native Americans, testing theories of the political engagement of minority populations. After taking account of socio-economic resources, American Indians exhibit lower rates of voter registration and political knowledge compared to Caucasians but similar to that of Hispanics. Relative to other racial groups, military service greatly enhances American Indian political knowledge and voter registration. This finding is especially noteworthy given American Indians' high rate of military service.

Serum-antibodies against an organ specific CNS antigen as well as against serotonin and gangliosides (Gm 1) were analysed by ELISA in 34 patients with schizophrenia, ten patients with schizoaffective psychosis and 13 patients with major depressive disorder. Sixty-two patients with various rheumatic disorders and 32 blood donors were included in the study as controls. Sixty-two percent of the 13 patients with major depressive disorder had antibodies to serotonin and 69% to gangliosides, whereas antibody positive sera was only found in 38% of the 34 patients with schizophrenia. The same antibodies were found in only 6% (antibodies to serotonin) and 13% (antibodies to gangliosides) of the 32 blood donors and in a similar frequency in patients with schizoaffective psychosis. Organ specific antibodies to CNS-antigen could not be detected in the psychiatric patient group at any significant level. It is speculated that auto-immune reactions towards a serotonin receptor may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of major depressive disorder.

Feeding management of the postnatal and preweaning calf has an important impact on calf growth and development during this critical period and affects the health and well-being of the calves. After birth, an immediate and sufficient colostrum supply is a prerequisite for successful calf rearing. Colostrum provides high amounts of nutrient as well as non-nutrient factors that promote the immune system and intestinal maturation of the calf. The maturation and function of the neonatal intestine enable the calf to digest and absorb the nutrients provided by colostrum and milk. Therefore, colostrum intake supports the start of anabolic processes in several tissues, stimulating postnatal body growth and organ development. After the colostrum feeding period, an intensive milk feeding protocol, that is, at least 20% of BW milk intake/day, is required to realise the calf potential for growth and organ development during the preweaning period. Insufficient milk intake delays postnatal growth and may have detrimental effects on organ development, for example, the intestine and the mammary gland. The somatotropic axis as the main postnatal endocrine regulatory system for body growth is stimulated by the intake of high amounts of colostrum and milk and indicates the promotion of anabolic metabolism in calves. The development of the forestomach is an important issue during the preweaning period in calves, and forestomach maturation is best achieved by solid feed intake. Unfortunately, intensive milk-feeding programmes compromise solid feed intake during the first weeks of life. In the more natural situation for beef calves, when milk and solid feed intake occurs at the same time, calves benefit from the high milk intake as evidenced by enhanced body growth and organ maturation without impaired forestomach development during weaning. To realise an intensive milk-feeding programme, it is recommended that the weaning process should not start too early and that solid feed intake should be at a high extent despite intensive milk feeding. A feeding concept based on intensive milk feeding prevents hunger and abnormal behaviour of the calves and fits the principles of animal welfare during preweaning calf rearing. Studies on milk performance in dairy cows indicate that feeding management during early calf rearing influences lifetime performance. Therefore, an intensive milk-feeding programme affects immediate as well as long-term performance, probably by programming metabolic pathways during the preweaning period.

Green rusts, GRs, can act as both sorbents and reductants towards selected pollutants. Organo-GRs are expected to combine these properties with a high affinity for hydrophobic substances. A novel organo-GR, GRLAS, was synthesized by incorporating a mixture of linear alkylbenzenesulphonates (LAS) into the interlayer space of synthetic sulphate green rust, GRSO4 . Mössbauer analysis of GRLAS indicates that the structure of the organo-GR is very similar to that of the initial GRSO4 with regard to the FeII/FeIII ratio and local coordination of Fe atoms. X-ray diffraction demonstrates that the GRLAS formed was well ordered, although a mixture of surfactant was used for intercalation. The basal spacings of the GRLAS and the kinetics of the ion-exchange process were dependent on the initial surfactant loading; basal spacings of ~2.85 nm were obtained at LAS solution concentrations >10 mM. The ratio LASadsorbed/SO4 2– desorbed significantly exceeded the stoichiometric ratio of 2 during the initial part of the ion-exchange process (t = 5 h). However, this ratio was reached progressively with time. GRSO4 preferentially sorbed LAS homologues with long alkyl chains over short ones. Carbon tetrachloride was successfully adsorbed into GRLAS. The adsorption isotherm was linear with a distribution coefficient, Kd , of 505±19 litre kg–1.

The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) is developing a safety case for the long-term management of higher activity wastes. This includes safety assessments of transport to and operations at the repository. One of the main faults and hazards to be considered is waste package response to impact accidents.

The criteria of impact performance for waste packages are based upon activity release of particulates generated from the break up of the waste form during impact. The NDA approach to impact performance is based upon waste package response from finite element modelling in combination with break-up tests.

Previous break up research commissioned by the NDA has concentrated on commercial graphite and glass samples. These extended studies, undertaken by the National Nuclear Laboratory in collaboration with the Department of Aerosol Technology of the Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, provide break-up data specific to nuclear facilities and waste materials. These include archived unirrradiated graphite used to construct Magnox reactor cores and reflectors, simulant high level waste glass, selected grout formulations and selected metal-in-grout formulations.

Experiments were conducted at three locations to evaluate the efficacy of fall and spring herbicide treatments for vegetation control and enhancement of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) establishment. on a sward dominated by quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.], fall and spring glyphosate [N- (phosphonomethyl) glycine] treatments were equally effective in reducing competition from quackgrass and in establishing alfalfa. on a mixed grass sward, spring and fall glyphosate treatment resulted in similar alfalfa yields with early spring seeding; however, alfalfa yields were lower with delayed seeding on fall-treated plots, compared with spring treatment, because of greater weed competition. Pronamide [3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl) benzamide] applied in the fall controlled perennial grasses, and when it was followed by paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) in the spring controlled broadleaf weeds as well, resulting in greater alfalfa yields compared with pronamide alone. Alfalfa established more slowly in the paraquat-treated and check plots, than in glyphosate-treated plots.

Studies were established near Devil's Tower in Crook County, WY, to determine the potential of 11 grass species to compete with leafy spurge as an alternative to repetitive herbicide treatments. Of the 11 species, ‘Bozoisky’ Russian wildrye and ‘Luna’ pubescent wheatgrass showed the most promise for successful competition with leafy spurge and were selected for further study. Pubescent wheatgrass limited percent canopy cover of leafy spurge to 10 and 15% or less in tilled and no-till plots, respectively, 7 and 10 yr after seeding. Russian wildrye limited percent canopy cover of leafy spurge to 21% or less in tilled and 7 and 27% in the no-till plots, respectively, 7 or 10 yr after seeding. The control plots not seeded to a forage grass averaged 55% leafy spurge canopy cover.

Long-term control of downy brome with an integrated approach is needed in order to sustain range productivity. Studies were conducted to study the effectiveness of a combination of downy brome control practices. In two studies, glyphosate and paraquat were evaluated at various rates for up to three successive years for control of downy brome in rangeland. A third study evaluated the competitiveness of perennial cool-season grasses against downy brome in the absence of herbicides. Glyphosate, at 0.55 kg/ha, and 0.6 kg/ha paraquat provided selective downy brome control on rangeland when applications were combined with intensive grazing. Downy brome control was greater than 90% following two sequential years of 0.6 kg/ha paraquat at either the two- to eight-leaf stage or bloom stage at both study locations. At one study location, 0.55 kg/ha glyphosate provided 97% control after the first application at both growth stages. In the second study, control averaged greater than 92% following three sequential applications of glyphosate. When perennial cool-season grasses were seeded in the spring following fall tillage (no herbicides) and allowed to establish for three growing seasons, three of the five species were effective in reducing the reestablishment of downy brome. ‘Luna’ pubescent wheatgrass, ‘Hycrest’ crested wheatgrass, ‘Sodar’ streambank wheatgrass, ‘Bozoisky’ Russian wildrye, and ‘Critana’ thickspike wheatgrass controlled 100, 91, 85, 45, and 32% of the downy brome, respectively. Yields of perennial grass dry matter were 1,714, 1,596, 1,135, 900, and 792 kg/ha. Replacing noncompetitive annual grasses with competitive cool-season perennials will provide a longer term solution to a downy brome problem than the use of herbicides alone or with intensive grazing.

The competitive ability of five cool-season grasses relative to Dalmatian toadflax, musk thistle, and downy brome was assessed in two field studies. In 1994, Bozoisky Russian wildrye and four wheatgrass varieties (Critana thickspike, Hycrest crested, Luna pubescent, and Sodar streambank wheatgrass) were seeded into populations of downy brome and musk thistle at Riverside, WY. The same grasses were seeded into populations of Dalmatian toadflax at Cheyenne, WY, in 1995. In 1997 and 1998, weed populations at both study sites were reduced in areas seeded with the five grasses relative to unseeded controls. Hycrest crested and Luna pubescent wheatgrasses were the most competitive against the three weed species. Bozoisky Russian wildrye was more competitive against Dalmatian toadflax than against the other weeds. Sodar streambank wheatgrass suppressed musk thistle and downy brome but was not competitive against Dalmatian toadflax. Seeded grasses, such as Hycrest crested and Luna pubescent wheatgrass, appeared to limit the re-establishment of these weeds. Economic model predictions of the net present values and the internal rates of return suggest that Hycrest crested and Luna pubescent wheatgrass can provide financially feasible long-term weed control only if desired grass yields are maintained for more than 15 yr.

Cued language switching is used to examine language-control processes by comparing performance in language-switch trials with performance in repetition trials. In 1:1 cue-to-language mappings, language repetitions involve cue repetitions and language switches involve cue switches. Hence, the observed switch costs might reflect cue-switch costs rather than language-related control processes. By introducing a 2:1 cue-to-language mapping, we dissociated language switches (cue and language switched vs. cue switched, but language repeated) and cue switches (repeated language, with vs. without switched cue). We found cue-switch costs, but language-related switch costs were substantial, too, presumably reflecting language-control processes in cued language switching.

The dynamical degrees of a rational map $f:X{\dashrightarrow}X$ are fundamental invariants describing the rate of growth of the action of iterates of $f$ on the cohomology of $X$ . When $f$ has non-empty indeterminacy set, these quantities can be very difficult to determine. We study rational maps $f:X^{N}{\dashrightarrow}X^{N}$ , where $X^{N}$ is isomorphic to the Deligne–Mumford compactification $\overline{{\mathcal{M}}}_{0,N+3}$ . We exploit the stratified structure of $X^{N}$ to provide new examples of rational maps, in arbitrary dimension, for which the action on cohomology behaves functorially under iteration. From this, all dynamical degrees can be readily computed (given enough book-keeping and computing time). In this paper, we explicitly compute all of the dynamical degrees for all such maps $f:X^{N}{\dashrightarrow}X^{N}$ , where $\text{dim}(X^{N})\leq 3$ and the first dynamical degrees for the mappings where $\text{dim}(X^{N})\leq 5$ . These examples naturally arise in the setting of Thurston’s topological characterization of rational maps.

A conspicuous part of the parasite fauna of marine fish are ectoparasites, which attach mainly to the fins or gills. The abundant copepods have received much interest due to their negative effects on hosts. However, for many localities the copepod fauna of fish is still poorly known, and we know little about their temporal stability as long-term observations are largely absent. Our study provides the first inventory of ectoparasitic copepods on fish from the western Wadden Sea (North Sea) based on field data from 1968 and 2010 and additional unpublished notes. In total, 47 copepod parasite species have been recorded on 52 fish host species to date. For two copepod species parasitizing the European flounder (Platichthys flesus), a quantitative comparison of infection levels between 1968 and 2010 was possible. Whereas Acanthochondria cornuta did not show a change in the relationship between host size and infection levels, Lepeophtheirus pectoralis shifted towards the infection of smaller hosts, with higher infection levels in 2010 compared to 1968. These differences probably reflect the biology of the species and the observed decrease in abundance and size of flounders during the last decades. The skin-infecting L. pectoralis can probably compensate for dwindling host abundance by infecting smaller fish and increasing its abundance per given host size. In contrast, the gill cavity inhabiting A. cornuta probably faces a spatial constraint (fixed number of gill arches), thus limiting its abundance and setting a minimum for the host size necessary for infections.