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In Virilio's writings, meanings and interpretations are often difficult and ambiguous. Now, this dictionary explains every major Virilian subject and idea, showing how each functions within his philosophy. Among the concepts are entries on Accident, Body, Cinema, Dromology, and Eugenics, together with Virilian ideas at the forefront of his pioneering thinking in cultural and social theory such as Foreclosure, Grey Ecology, Polar Inertia, Logistics of Perception and the Overexposed City.
Taylor Knight reveals the way in which phenomenology initiates a return to ontology construed through a dialectical relationship between being and element. Within phenomenology's return to the elemental, Merleau-Ponty's late philosophy is a key locus, opening critical paths forward into an ontology for the ecological age. With reference to his phenomenological forebears - Heidegger, Husserl, Levinas - his non-phenomenological influences - Bachelard, Schelling, Freud - and his dialogue with Greek thought - Heraclitus, Plato, Aristotle - Knight shows what is authentically new in Merleau-Ponty's late ontology.
Building on the largest sample of Archaic to Hellenistic burials from Macedon synthesized to date, this work provides new insight into the society that gave birth to Philip II and Alexander the Great. An intersectional focus on gender, age, and status reveals the lives of Macedonians only rarely discussed, from non-elite men to women and children. Through quantitative analysis and case-studies, the reader gets a view of the complexity and nuance of a society sometimes reduced to mighty warriors and fierce royal women. Change over time is also discussed, introducing depth into the historical narrative that is largely limited to the Late Classical and Hellenistic periods. Finally, the book addresses the promise and challenges of applying intersectionality, a framework that is immensely fruitful but which was developed for contemporary contexts, to archaeological contexts.
Italian graphic design: Culture and practice in Milan, 1930s–1960s explores the articulation of graphic design practice in Italy from the interwar period to the mid-1960s. By offering a critical and historical analysis of the role that graphic design has played in Italian design culture, it contributes to a more diverse, inclusive and contextualised understanding of Italian design and visual culture. Focusing on educational issues, transnational networks, organisational strategies, mediating channels and discourses on modernism, the book explores graphic designers’ continual adaptation to shifting economic, political and cultural environments, as well as changing design discourses. It traces the lineage of graphic design back to typography, tackles its problematic relation with advertising and addresses graphic designers’ efforts to negotiate their professional identity with industrial designers. By showing how macro historical narratives were experienced in everyday practice, it offers a partial history of Italy during a period of about thirty years. In particular, it approaches Italian graphic design during Fascism, addressing the grey area between alignment and resistance. A series of interrelated case studies brings to light lesser-known narratives and neglected actors of Italian design, while providing an original retelling of well-known stories and offering new perspectives on protagonists of the historiographical canon. Drawing on a wide range of primary sources and placing a great emphasis on visual analysis, this book provides a model for a contextualised, archive-based and outward-looking graphic design history as an integral part of the history of design, visual culture and cultural history.
Saving sick Britain lays down a challenge to every citizen, to British institutions, policymakers and scientists. Epidemics in common diseases and conditions like diabetes and depression pose systemic risks to society, which are as serious as those from Covid-19. These modern plagues are the challenge of our times. The authors argue that these epidemics require us to think afresh about the prevention of disease. They first examine the basics of contemporary political philosophy and modern biology to redefine what ‘health’ really means. They then outline a practical way to focus society relentlessly on maintaining the health of all its citizens. This plan is not just another reform of the National Health Service. It calls for far more than that. The authors aim to construct a national ‘Health Society’ and this requires across-the-board reform of the entirety of public policy. Every department of government – national and local – needs to change. Every workplace, every employer, every community organisation and every citizen has a role to play. Because the authors have a background in basic biology, they come at the problem of prevention from a new direction, unburdened by the traditions of the medical profession or by ideological dogma. Two millennia ago, Hippocrates said prevention was better than cure, and Cicero said population health was the supreme law. They were right. But they could do precious little about it. Yuille and Ollier show how today we can turn their insights into reality.
This book looks at a contemporary concept - toxic masculinity - and considers its usefulness for understanding the ancient Mediterranean world. By concentrating on the particular elements that make up this form of masculine behaviour and identity, briefly defined as a performance of masculinity that is harmful to people who should be protected, to one's community, or to oneself, we illuminate tensions and contradictions within Greek and Roman conceptions of gender, while tracing some origins of modern gender roles. This book also highlights the ways that texts and events from the ancient world are invoked in the construction of toxic masculinity today. Covering Athenian oratory and drama, Roman poetry and history, curse tablets, early Christian writing, Italian cinema, US politics, and more, this collection brings together the ancient and modern to ask what shapes a culture's understanding of masculinity and how to identify the aspects of that understanding that can cause harm.
This collection of thirteen original writings, including a newly translated piece by Virilio himself, is the first genuine appraisal of Virilio's contribution to contemporary art, photography, film, television and more. Paul Virilio is one of the leading and most challenging critics of art and technology of the present period. Re-conceptualising the most enduring philosophical conventions on everything from technology and photography to literature, anthropology, cultural, and media studies through his own original theories and arguments, Virilio's work has produced substantial debate, compelling readers to ask if his criticism is out of touch or out in front of traditional perspectives.
Working across a range of formats, from video art and gallery installations to independent cinema to Hollywood to the BBC, Steve McQueen's prodigious output has been marked by formal ambition and political urgency. This vital collection interrogates his body of work, its political, aesthetic and institutional dimensions, and the interfaces between them. It offers critical insights into McQueen's engagements with race, gender, the body, love and pain, and his abiding self-reflexive interest in the potential of multiple audio-visual forms. The first director to win both the Turner Prize and an Oscar for best picture, McQueen is probably the most important working British film maker. This book explores the controversies as well as the achievements in his stellar career so far.
In times of national security, scholars and activists who hail from the communities under suspicion attempt to draw readers and listeners to the complexity of the world we inhabit. For those who campaigned against the SUS law in the 1980s, when young Black men were being routinely stopped in the streets, the wave of counter-terrorism legislation and policy that exists today will be very familiar. Similarly, recent discussions about the impact of drill music in the culture of young Black men has drawn questions around the ways in which they should be securitised, with senior police calling for the use of terrorism legislation against them. In this environment, when those who study and have lived alongside the communities who are at the scrutiny of the state raise questions about the government, military and police policy, they are often shut down as terrorist-sympathisers, or apologists for gang culture. In such environments, there is an expectation on scholars and activists to condemn what society at large fears. This volume is about how that expectation has emerged alongside the normalisation of racism, and how these writers choose to subvert the expectations raised on them, as part of their commitment to anti-racism.
This book is not a nostalgic celebration, or retrospective condemnation of the eighties. It does, however, take popular culture seriously. Rather than using popular culture to illustrate history, popular culture is where history happens. Intellectuals and politicians were not the only people making sense of this changing world around them; as new broadcast and publishing spaces developed, they provided new ways to engage with, analyse and intervene in the world. Children’s television and magazines, Royal wedding souvenirs, censored documentaries or scandalous memoirs all made history. This book is a thought experiment in what happens if we take ideas from the 1980s seriously and use them as a guide for historical analysis. It is history as a compilation album, where each chapter is built around a key object or moment, through which different perforations between institutions, publics, media forms, genres or social functions are explored. From the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury, to Princess Diana’s legs, or the puppet pop star Roland Rat, these objects draw together local and global themes and act as counterpoints to established histories. Each becomes a way to work out the big issues – around the meaning of motherhood and the state, the military covenant, the family and childhood, the relationship between the people, the judiciary and the parliamentary system, the medium and the message.
Why are legislatures in some authoritarian regimes more powerful than others? Why does influence on policies and politics vary across dictatorships? To answer these questions, Lawmaking under Authoritarianism extends the power-sharing theory of authoritarian government to argue that autocracies with balanced factional politics have more influential legislatures than regimes with unbalanced or unstable factional politics. Where factional politics is balanced, autocracies have reviser legislatures that amend and reject significant shares of executive initiatives and are able to block or reverse policies preferred by dictators. When factional politics is unbalanced, notary legislatures may amend executive bills but rarely reject them, and regimes with unstable factional politics oscillate between these two extremes. Lawmaking under Authoritarianism employs novel datasets based on extensive archival research to support these findings, including strong qualitative case studies for past dictatorships in Argentina, Brazil, and Spain.
Captivity and enslavement were characteristic experiences of Greek Christians in the late medieval Mediterranean. During this time, Muslim Turks and Christian western Europeans conquered and traded at the expense of the shrinking Byzantine Empire. By bringing together literary and documentary sources spanning a geographical canvas from the Aegean to Egypt and from Cyprus to Catalonia, this book tells that story in full for the first time. It traces this crisis of captivity from its origins in thirteenth-century Asia Minor to its explosion into a Mediterranean-wide phenomenon, interrogating different types of unfreedom and forced movement and evaluating their significance for Greeks' religious and diplomatic relationships with their neighbours, both Christian and Muslim.
This book tells the story of thousands of ordinary people caught up in conflict and dispersed across the Mediterranean against their will. It is the first study to examine the social, cultural and political ramifications of this late medieval trade in Greeks. The book's wide geographical horizons and its accessible style ensure that it will appeal to anyone interested in the medieval Mediterranean or the history of slavery. Its use of previously unpublished or little-known textual sources and its extensive synthesis of Byzantine, Latin European and Islamic sources and scholarship ensure that it will offer new perspectives and revelations for the specialist.
Agents of overseas empires considers overseas colonisation as a process initiated by myriad private, individual and institutional actors, whose relationships with governments varied. Instead of regarding colonisation as a phenomenon orchestrated from a governmental centre on to overseas territories or governed in accordance with the ‘centre–periphery’ model proffered by sociology, this collection demonstrates how ‘private interests’ – as they would be termed today – fuelled the exercise and management of power in overseas enterprises. It investigates the extent to which individuals or trading companies both advanced imperial prerogatives and formed colonial societies, whether in conjunction with or in spite of governmental interests. It is from this perspective that the contributors to Agents of Overseas Empires have analysed often understudied primary sources in which commercial companies established their proceedings, and company agents and recruits recorded the fulfilment or failure of their commissions – the records, papers and narratives in which merchant adventurers and colonial sponsors devised and promoted their colonial projects. The authors regard empire as a series of assumptions, failures and innovations in the practices of overseas trade and colonisation, through which European overseas interests became entrenched over the course of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
The idea that the world needs to transition to a more sustainable future is omnipresent in environmental politics and policy today. Focusing on the energy transition as a solution to the ecological crisis represents a shift in environmental political thought and action. This Element employs a political theory approach and draws on empirical developments to explore this shift by probing the temporal, affective, and technological dimensions of transition politics. Mobilising the framework of ecopolitical imaginaries, it maps five transition imaginaries and sketches a counter-hegemonic, decolonial transition that integrates decolonial approaches to knowledge and technology. Transition Imaginaries offers a nuanced exploration of the ways in which transition politics unfolds, and a novel argument on the importance of attending to the coloniality of transition politics. A transition to just sustainable futures requires the mobilisation of post-extractivist visions, knowledges, and technologies. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Can private citizens serve as self-appointed peacemakers and influence diplomatic relations between parties to a conflict? The book analyzes the international phenomenon of private peace entrepreneurs (PPEs) – private citizens with no official authority who initiate channels of communication with official representatives from the other side of a conflict in order to promote a conflict resolution process. It combines theoretical discussion with historical analysis, examining four cases from different conflicts: Norman Cousins and Suzanne Massie in the Cold War, Brendan Duddy in the Northern Ireland conflict, and Uri Avnery in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The book defines the phenomenon, examines the resources and activities of private peace entrepreneurs and their impact on the official diplomacy, and explores the conditions under which they can play an effective role in peacemaking processes.The book highlights the ability of private individual citizens – who are not politicians, diplomats, or military leaders – to operate as influential actors in international politics in general, and in peace processes in particular. Although the history of internal and international conflicts reveals many cases of private peace entrepreneurs, some of whom played a critical role in conflict resolution efforts, the literature has yet to give this important phenomenon the attention it deserves. The book aims to fill this gap, contributing to the scholarship on conflict and peace, diplomacy, and civil society. It also makes a historiographical contribution by shedding light on figures excluded from the history textbooks, and it offers an alternative perspective to traditional narratives concerning the diplomatic history of the conflicts.
This Element concerns Hegel's engagement with Spinoza's metaphysics, and divides into three main parts. The first enlists help from Hegel's interpretation to introduce and defend philosophical strengths in Spinoza's defense of metaphysical monism. The second defends Hegel's criticism of Spinoza, concluding that Spinoza's philosophy must eliminate all finitude and determinacy, leaving only a shapeless abyss. The third employs these defenses to open up an approach to the philosophical interpretation of Hegel's Logic, the core of his philosophical system, understanding the meaning of Hegel's ambitious claims in terms of reasons that make them more than the mere unpacking of assumptions.
This Element argues for the benefits of integrating the perspectives of a new historiography of paleontology in the training of upcoming paleontologists and in the paleontological community's culture more broadly. Wrestling with the complex legacy of its past, the paleontological community is facing the need to reappreciate its history to address issues of accessibility and equity affecting the field, such as gender gap, parachute science, and specimen repatriation. The ability of the paleontological community to address these issues depends partly on the nature of its engagement with the past in which they find their source. This Element provides a conceptual toolkit to help with the interpretation of the unprecedented position in which the paleontological community finds itself regarding its past. It also introduces historiographical resources and provides some suggestions to foster collaboration between paleontology and the history of paleontology.
Is there a pill for love? What about an anti-love drug, to help you get over your ex? This book argues that certain psychoactive substances, including MDMA—the active ingredient in Ecstasy—might help ordinary couples work through relationship difficulties and strengthen their connection. Others may help sever emotional ties during a breakup, with transformative implications for how we think about love. Oxford ethicists Julian Savulescu and Brian D. Earp build a case for conducting research into "love drugs" and "anti-love drugs" and explore their ethical implications for individuals and society. Why are we still in the dark about the effects of common medications on romantic partnerships? How can we overhaul scientific research norms to put interpersonal factors front and center? Biochemical interventions into love and relationships are not some far-off speculation. Our most intimate connections are already being influenced by drugs we ingest for other purposes. Controlled studies are already underway to see whether artificial brain chemicals might enhance couples' therapy. And conservative religious groups are already experimenting with certain medications to quash romantic desires—and even the urge to masturbate—among children and vulnerable sexual minorities. Simply put, the horse has bolted. Where it runs is up to us. Love is the Drug arms readers with the latest scientific knowledge as well as a set of ethical tools that you can use to decide for yourself if these sorts of medications should be a part of our society. Or whether a chemical romance might be right for you.
The Great Palace of Constantinople was the heart of Byzantium for almost a thousand years, serving as both a political and architectural model for Christendom and the Islamic world. Despite its historical significance, reconstructing its layout remains challenging due to the scarce amount of archaeological evidence. This Element synthesises the historical and topographical evolution of the palace, examining its architectural typologies and the role of ritual and artistic objects in representing imperial power. It also addresses key historiographical issues, such as the identification and dating of the Peristyle of the Mosaics, as well as its role in imperial ceremonies. The research is based on textual sources, archaeology, and graphic documentation, culminating in a virtual reconstruction through 3D imaging. By integrating these methodologies, this Element aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the Great Palace, its influence, and its role as a central stage for Byzantine ceremonial and ideological expression.
This Element examines post-apartheid pedagogy in South Africa to uncover philosophical and epistemological foundations on which it is predicated. The analysis reveals quaint epistemologies and their associated philosophical postulations, espousing solipsistic methodologies that position teachers and their students as passive participants in activities rendered abstract and contemplative – an intellectual odyssey and dispassionate pursuit of knowledge devoid of context and human subjectivity. To counteract the effects of such coercive epistemologies and Western orthodoxies, a decolonising approach, prioritising ethical grounding of knowledge and pedagogy is proposed. Inthis decolonising approach to learning and development, students enact the knowledge they embody, and, through such enactment of their culturally situated knowledge practices, students perceive concepts in their process of transformation and, consequently, acquire knowledge as tools for critical engagement with reality -and tools for meaningful pursuit of self-knowledge,agency, and identity development. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.