The idea of decolonization that animated the spirit of the 1955 Bandung Conference continues to power imaginations of an alternative to the world Bandung inhabited. In this essay, we look upon Africa from Bandung, and simultaneously from Africa to Bandung, to recover an “otherwise”—a seeing of the future from Africa’s pasts. In the future envisioned in Bandung and beyond, flag independence was regarded as the first stop in the project of decolonization.1 The conference was to provide both “guidance to mankind … [on] the way which it must take to attain safety and peace” and “evidence that Asia and Africa have been reborn, nay, that a New Asia and a New Africa have been born!”2 As critical accounts have noted, the alternative “otherwise” Bandung offered was far from singular; it was multivocal and divergent, and this diversity is integral to the multiple readings and memories of Bandung.3 This multivocality made Bandung a successful performance of different visions of the world, including those of capitalism, communism, and socialism. Yet, Bandung was far from an ecumenical platform that offered little more than a cacophony of diverse voices and visions. The remedies may have been varied but the diagnoses of the malaise were unanimous—cultural imperialism and the racialism (i.e., racial and religious subordination) that instantiated and sustained it. Bandung was an opportunity to reimagine a world beyond imperial hierarchies. In what follows, we scrutinize Bandung’s legacy through the lens of Africa’s pasts. We note that for all the decolonial ethos that powered Bandung, its insistence on colonial legal forms inadvertently sustained rather than overturned imperial forms of subordination. We then offer an alternative mode of reimagining the world by drawing on recent recoveries of international legal histories of Africa prior to European colonization.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic condition that impairs health and function. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based treatment traditionally delivered face-to-face. Recently, digital CBT delivered online has gained prominence because of access barriers and user preferences. Although many digital CBT studies have emerged, few systematic reviews have directly compared digital and face-to-face CBT in adults with AUD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate their comparative effectiveness. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search identified 25 randomized controlled trials (n = 2,065) comparing these formats. A random-effects meta-analysis evaluated pre- and post-effectiveness by calculating the standardized mean change using raw score standardization (SMCR). For drinking quantity, digital CBT showed a significant pre–post effect (SMCR = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38 to 2.04; p = 0.004). Face-to-face CBT showed no overall significant effect (SMCR = 0.69, 95% CI: −0.16 to 1.53; p = 0.110). However, subgroup analysis of face-to-face trials showed significance for active treatment (SMCR = 1.09), but a nonsignificant negative effect for relapse prevention (SMCR = −0.72). For drinking frequency, both interventions yielded statistically significant effects; however, face-to-face CBT demonstrated a stronger effect (SMCR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.30 to 1.74; p = 0.006) than digital CBT (SMCR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.79; p < 0.001). Forest plots were generated, and Begg’s test was used to assess publication bias.

Can a fish-like body swim in a perfect fluid – one that is purely inviscid and does not release vorticity? This question was raised by Saffman over fifty years ago, and he provided a positive answer by demonstrating a possible solution for an inhomogeneous body. In this paper, we seek to determine a suitable deformation for oscillatory fish swimming that enables slight locomotion in a perfect fluid, relying solely on tail flapping motion. This swimming style, typical of carangiform and thunniform species, allows for a separate analysis of the tail’s interaction with the surrounding fluid. As a preliminary approach, the tail is approximated as a rigid plate with prescribed heave and pitch motions, while the presence of a virtual body placed in front is considered to evaluate the locomotion. Analytical solutions provide exact results while avoiding singular behaviour at sharp edges. A phase shift is shown to be strictly necessary for generating locomotion. A more refined approximation of a real fish is achieved by modelling the tail as a flexible foil, connected to the main body via a torsional spring with tuneable stiffness at the peduncle. While the heave motion remains prescribed, the pitch amplitude and phase are passively determined by flow interaction. A plausible solution reveals an optimal stride length as a function of dimensionless stiffness, driven by resonance phenomena. A small structural damping must be considered to induce a phase shift – essential for self-propulsion in the absence of vorticity release.

The supersingular locus of the $\mathrm {GU}(1,n-1)$ Shimura variety at a ramified prime p is stratified by Coxeter varieties attached to finite symplectic groups. In this article, we compute the $\ell $-adic cohomology of the Zariski closure of any such stratum. These are known as closed Bruhat–Tits strata. We prove that the cohomology groups of odd degree vanish, and those of even degree are explicitly determined as representations of the symplectic group with a Frobenius action. Each closed Bruhat–Tits stratum is linearly stratified by Coxeter varieties attached to smaller symplectic groups. Thanks to results of Lusztig who computed the cohomology of Coxeter varieties for classical groups, we make use of the spectral sequence associated with this stratification and describe explicitly all the terms at infinity. We point out that the closed Bruhat–Tits strata have isolated singularities when the dimension is greater than 1. Our analysis requires discussing the smoothness of the blow-up at the singular points, as well as comparing the ordinary $\ell $-adic cohomology with intersection cohomology. A by-product of our computations is that these two cohomologies actually coincide, so that surprisingly the presence of singularities does not interfere with the cohomology.

This article explores the theory of racial whitening’s role in the political attempt to reshape the national collective in the First Brazilian Republic (1889-1930) to explain the theory’s origins and characteristics and suggest its international relevance. It is argued that this theory—which proposed that Brazil could modernize through interracial marriage and mass European immigration—was not a Brazilian or Latin American peculiarity but was aligned with a transformist strand of previous scientific racialism. The main novelty came from wide political resonance, not intellectual newness. In addition, the article demonstrates that racial whitening oriented the First Republic to construct ambiguous, yet effective, structures of discrimination, aimed at molding the national collective. These structures seem to have anticipated the transformation of racial relations elsewhere, preceding the global shift in the justification of institutional racism from biological to cultural bases after 1945. The article then underscores the importance of understanding historical dependencies and subtle mechanisms through which racism can be perpetuated, especially in societies that claim to be racially progressive.

There are worlds we name, and worlds we summon into being. The Arab World has long inhabited both roles—invoked in international law as geopolitical reality, yet shaped by repetition, signification, and remembered alignments. It appears over the centuries not as a subject with agency, but as a revenant: referenced for its solidarity and unity, yet rarely allowed either coherence or consequence. What holds the “Arab World” together in international law, this essay argues, is not essence but performance, not institutional substance, but the staging of collectivity. Bandung (1955) made this dynamic briefly visible: nine Arab states, fragmented in voice and agenda, appeared united; Palestine, symbolically central, remained formally absent. The pattern endures, from the choreography of the Arab League to strategic posturing in relation to Gaza’s ongoing genocide by Israel. The “Arab World,” in this light, is not an unfulfilled project, but a legal and political arrangement, summoned, displayed, and sustained in a state of permanent deferral.

We study an abstract group of reversible Turing machines. In our model, each machine is interpreted as a homeomorphism over a space which represents a tape filled with symbols and a head carrying a state. These homeomorphisms can only modify the tape at a bounded distance around the head, change the state, and move the head in a bounded way. We study three natural subgroups arising in this model: the group of finite-state automata, which generalizes the topological full groups studied in topological dynamics and the theory of orbit-equivalence; the group of oblivious Turing machines whose movement is independent of tape contents, which generalizes lamplighter groups and has connections to the study of universal reversible logical gates, and the group of elementary Turing machines, which are the machines which are obtained by composing finite-state automata and oblivious Turing machines.

We show that both the group of oblivious Turing machines and that of elementary Turing machines are finitely generated, while the group of finite-state automata and the group of reversible Turing machines are not. We show that the group of elementary Turing machines has undecidable torsion problem. From this, we also obtain that the group of cellular automata (more generally, the automorphism group of any uncountable one-dimensional sofic subshift) contains a finitely generated subgroup with undecidable torsion problem. We also show that the torsion problem is undecidable for the topological full group of a full $\mathbb {Z}^d$-shift on a nontrivial alphabet if and only if $d \geq 2$.

This article establishes the overwhelming association of the key of E♭ minor with expressions of profound melancholy. Subthemes include deep depression, ghosts, and spiritual darkness, represented by ombra style markers, sea storms represented by the tempest style, and representations of Scotland and Ossianic melancholy. C. F. D. Schubart’s well-known statements on E♭ minor are examined concerning its use, though those statements themselves may have been conditioned by prior usage of the key, contemporary tuning systems, and the prevalent psychological association of flat-side keys with melancholy. Topical analysis is served by the history of E♭ minor, which differs greatly from its relative major.

This article redefines the concept of the Achaemenid ‘Royal’ Road using GIS-based route modelling to reconstruct possible roads between Susa and Persepolis. By integrating logistical and environmental parameters, it shows how royal mobility required a specialised infrastructure—distinct from ancillary roads—tailored to the operational scale of the Achaemenid court.

With reference to Elon Musk’s FinTech strategy for X, the social media platform formerly known as Twitter, this essay critically interrogates the evolution of North American and European FinTech economies toward what is typically called ‘embedded finance’; that is, the technological integration of monetary and financial services into discrete social interactions and economic transactions by nonfinancial companies. We argue that embedded finance furthers the disappearance of FinTech as an evident market domain of technologically facilitated monetary and financial relations. Specialist FinTech startup intermediaries are receding into the background of an institutional and digital landscape shaped by strong monopolization tendencies. FinTech economies are increasingly dominated by major platform firms with the assistance of banks. Relatedly, FinTech services have become ubiquitous to the extent that they are taken for granted by people who are configured as platform users that are ripe for rent capture, rather than as sovereign consumers searching for products. The disappearance of FinTech should not be confused with its demise, however. Disappearance is the fullest expression of the transformative appearance of FinTech in people’s everyday monetary and financial lives over the last quarter century.

Recent years have seen an increase in forced migration from the Global South, e.g., Congolese refugees with long transits in Uganda, to countries in the Global North, like Norway. Many of these newly-arrived Congolese refugees in Norway have English in their linguistic repertoires after decades-long transits in Uganda. English can thus be used as a lingua franca in Norway while they are learning Norwegian, as many Norwegians also have English in their repertoires. However, the ways these refugees have learnt English differ starkly from the ways most Norwegians have learnt English. While most Norwegians have mainly learnt English formally, i.e. in school, these Congolese refugees have mainly learnt English informally, i.e. outside language classrooms. The present article explores specific examples of how these refugees have learnt English. Some have, for example, learnt English through lingua franca interaction with other refugees with whom they do not share any other languages than English; others have initiated English language awareness in the wild themselves through, for example, talking explicitly about the English language with motorcycle riders in Uganda; and others have listened to English-speaking radio programmes in order to learn English faster. I argue that many of these ways of learning English informally can be referred to as “grassroots learning” of English, since English learning is initiated by the refugees themselves. These findings from empirical research among newly-arrived Congolese refugees in Norway may contribute to developing our understandings of informal English language learning, as well as making sure forced migrants’ voices are heard.

Upon the occasion of the 250th birthday of Jane Austen, let us learn how to ace a bar exam from Professor Jane Austen. Yes, that’s right, because Austen readers unwittingly learn law and legal principles surrounding several areas of law, but particularly in family law and wills and estates. Basic rules from these areas of law seem to appear in every one of Austen’s novels, offered with a savory richness of understanding of not only their importance but also their complexity.

This brief essay reviews basic legal rules and legal analysis by efficiently using fact patterns from four of our professor’s novels: Mansfield Park, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Emma. By applying the standard IRAC (Issue, Rule, Analysis, and Conclusion) method of legal reasoning to each, this essay undeniably endeavors to teach admirable bar preparation. General rules of American law are applied throughout, although legal rules and principles of Regency England that have a precise bearing on the fact pattern are explained as well. Can there be any more amusing way to prepare for the bar exam? One hardly knows.

Invasive non-native species proceed through the Invasion Process upon introduction to a new location, with stages comprising establishment, growth, spread, and invasive impact. High fecundity, driven by fast growth, short lifespan, and a long reproduction period, can lead to high population densities, facilitating stage progression. The Asian date mussel (Arcuatula senhousia) is a marine intertidal–subtidal species, recently established in the UK. Given its potential to impact ecosystem services in Northern Europe, understanding the Invasion Process stage it has reached is imperative for assessing potential invasiveness and informing management. Therefore, population parameters of subtidal A. senhousia in the UK were evaluated from April 2021 to March 2022 to assess invasion stage. Specimens were collected (n = 1,029) via dredging and processed for condition index, gonadosomatic index, gonad index, length-frequency distribution, and electronic length-frequency analyses. While densities were low (<1 individuals per m2), maximum lifespan was high (23 months) and growth rate was high (1.8 mm per month), relative to other populations within the species’ global range. Results confirmed June to October spawning as previously reported in the UK and France but also evidenced secondary spawning (in November) for the first time in Northern Europe. Successful recruitment from primary and secondary spawning in 2020 was also apparent. Findings indicate A. senhousia has reached the Growth stage, and that further spread within the UK and Northern Europe is likely. Climate change will likely increase larval survivorship and individual and population fecundity, facilitating progression to invasive impact, potentially within the next decade.

The peer review process is fundamental to academic publishing, guaranteeing the integrity and quality of the research upon which we depend. However, it is also infamous for its sluggishness—occasionally excruciatingly so. For numerous authors, the prolonged wait for feedback on their articles might seem interminable, particularly when they are enthusiastic about disseminating innovative discoveries to the public. But why exactly does peer review take so long? The reasons are complex and multifaceted, involving challenges faced by editors, reviewers, and authors alike. By understanding these challenges, we can start to see the bigger picture and work towards solutions that might speed things up.

“Patience requires knowing not just the cost of delay, but also the benefit of delay”

“The two most powerful warriors are patience and time.”-Leo Tolstoy

“Lost time is never found again.” - Benjamin Franklin

Most people believe that there is something particularly morally repugnant about terrorism. A number of philosophers have attempted to defend this widely held view by offering accounts of precisely what it is about terrorism that makes it morally distinctive. In this paper I raise some doubts about the accounts that have been defended by others, focusing in particular on Samuel Scheffler’s view. In light of the doubts that I raise about existing accounts, I suggest what must be done in order to arrive at an adequate account, and offer an outline of a view that seems to me promising. On the view that I suggest, terrorist acts reveal something of distinctive moral significance about the agents who perpetrate them, even if they are not in themselves morally worse than otherwise similar acts.

The recent ascendance of American conservative ideology within Israel’s political Right is puzzling given its historical absence. Furthermore, prevailing theories—which focus on the role of other countries, experts, or transnational networks as ideational importers—cannot account for it. Accordingly, utilizing insights from the diaspora politics literature, we develop an alternative explanation that focuses on the cooperation between diaspora actors and local actors (diaspora–local cooperation, DLC) as a source of ideational importation and ideological change. Like other sources of outside ideas, DLC-based ideational importation depends on the establishment of organizational infrastructure for ideological dissemination—and ideational localization—for the adaptation and translation of external ideas to the local context. Unlike other kinds of transnational ideational networks, such cooperation is primarily based on national kinship that transcends specific ideational commitments. Such national kinship, we argue, legitimizes DLC and supports multidimensional ideational importation that can potentially amount to ideological change. We further suggest that the actual ideological change this process triggers depends on how imported ideas align with core ideological components and how they serve the needs of local actors in a given political context. We use detailed process-tracing analysis to demonstrate how DLC has led to an ideological change in Israel’s political Right.

Studies on tillering dynamics are essential to understand the aspects underlying the persistence and adaptation pathways of grass communities, especially in more complex multispecific pastures. This study aimed to assess the tillering dynamics and population stability of Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina (PG), Megathyrsus maximus cv. Massai (MG) and Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã (PP) grown as monocultures and as a mixture. The treatments corresponded to three grasses described above. Sixteen 180 m2 plots were randomly assigned and managed intermittently under manual harvest at pre- and post-harvest heights of 35 and 17.5 cm, respectively, for two years. During autumn/winter/early spring, when resource availability is limited by abiotic factors, pasture population stability was ensured by the conservation strategy of all species, mainly through the high tiller survival rate (85.5 ± 0.32). In late spring and summer, the capture strategy was prioritized for all species, with stability ensured through high tiller appearance rates (30.3 ± 0.80 and 40.4 ± 1.47, respectively), which compensated for the high tiller death rate (28.7 ± 1.10) and resulted in greater species turnover during these both seasons. The association among PG, MG and PP in a mixture allows species to coexist with relatively stable populations and tillering dynamics, similar to their monocultures. These findings represent a step forward in our understanding of mixed swards stability and indicate that such associations could be viable alternatives to palisadegrass monocultures in tropical regions. Further research should test this mixed sward under grazing, during medium to long-term.

This study presents a modified intermediate long wave (mILW) equation derived from the Navier–Stokes equations via multi-scale analysis and perturbation expansion, aimed at describing internal solitary waves (ISWs) in finite-depth, stratified oceans. Compared to the classical ILW model, the proposed mILW equation incorporates cubic nonlinearities and captures the dynamical behaviour of large-amplitude ISWs more accurately. The equation reduces to the modified Korteweg–de Vries equation and modified Benjamin–Ono equations in the shallow- and deep-water limits, respectively, thus providing a unified framework across varying depth regimes. Soliton solutions are constructed analytically using Hirota’s bilinear method, and numerical simulations investigate wave–wave interactions, including rogue waves and Mach reflection. Furthermore, a smooth tanh-type density profile is adopted to reflect realistic stratification. Associated vertical modal structures and vertical velocity fields are analysed, and higher-order statistics (skewness and kurtosis) are introduced to reveal the density dependence of wave asymmetry. The results offer new insights into the nonlinear dynamics of ISWs, with implications for ocean mixing, energy transport and submarine acoustics.