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The 'Good Friday' Agreement, approved in referenda on both sides of the Irish border, inaugurated a 'post-Troubles' period of hope for economic prosperity and urban regeneration. Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, there had been extraordinary transformation in Northern Ireland's society and culture. A protracted peace process, fraught with disturbances and setbacks, led to an internationally celebrated accord between political parties and the establishment of new devolved institutions of government. The Good Friday Agreement was a political deal with an ambiguous outcome; a momentous accord followed by ongoing, arduous disagreement and disengagement. The Troubles appeared to reach an official conclusion as a result of the political parties and national governments arriving at an agreed solution. The Good Friday Agreement activated contradictions in ways discernible as either liberating or newly restrictive. In The marches, Phil Collins asserted representational contradiction in the context of post-conflict resolution.
While unions’ impacts on workers’ overtime have been primarily studied in Western contexts, research on China remains limited. This paper addresses this gap by examining how Chinese unions affect workers’ overtime and compensation, using data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey. It also explores heterogeneous protection effects for privileged and unprivileged workers. Probit regression, IV, and PSM methods are adopted to address endogeneity and self-selection biases. Results show that Chinese unions and their perceived efficacy significantly reduce workers’ overtime – particularly illegal (exceeding legal limits) and uncompensated overtime. The protective effect is stronger for unprivileged workers with short-term contracts or easily replaceable tasks. This study provides empirical evidence for the effectiveness and heterogeneity of Chinese unions’ role in regulating overtime, rooted in their ‘party-state face’. It offers new insights into unions’ contribution to safeguarding workers’ welfare and labour rights in China.
Participatory action research (PAR) methods effectively engage communities in identifying health priorities in low-resource settings. This study applied PAR methods during the establishment of a Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Methods:
We implemented seven PAR methods across rural and urban populations: transect walks, resource mapping, social mapping, seasonal mapping, focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, and community ranking exercises. Data were collected in September 2023 following facilitator training. Visual materials and field notes were thematically categorized, while audio-recorded interviews were transcribed, translated, and analysed with combined inductive-deductive thematic analysis. Community health priorities were quantitatively analysed through free listing, pile sorting, and ranking.
Results:
Five major themes emerged: (1) Community context revealed diverse caste compositions and essential infrastructure; (2) Health priorities included acute conditions (fever, joint pain), chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes), healthcare access limitations, and WASH issues; (3) Key contributors to poor health encompassed inadequate WASH facilities, limited health awareness, and discrimination; (4) Healthcare access barriers included absent primary care facilities, financial constraints, limited transportation, and poor service quality; (5) Community suggestions addressed both social determinants and healthcare services, emphasizing governance participation, WASH interventions, and improved healthcare infrastructure.
Conclusions:
PAR methods successfully identified community-defined health needs and barriers, demonstrating consistency across urban and rural settings. Community members provided concrete recommendations for health system improvements, validating the importance of incorporating local voices in HDSS design. The alignment between community priorities and documented regional health challenges underscores how participatory methods can shape surveillance activities to foster sustainable health improvements and enhance governance capacities. These insights directly informed HDSS operational plans, creating a foundation for responsive and equitable health surveillance systems.
When contemporary art became a market phenomenon in the major metropolitan centres during the 1990s, it was expanded, but also, at the same time, divided, by an influx of art from other regions of the world. It is important to remember that the workings of the global art world affect not only artists from non-Western countries, but also those in Western countries with a well-functioning art-institutional infrastructure as well. To use the phraseology of the literary scholar Sudesh Mishra, the sociocultural condition of a migrant can be seen as a 'scene of dual territory'. This chapter argues that the migratory pattern of artists, who have chosen to be based in their home country, but must live as globetrotters and engage with different cultures and places in order to pursue international careers, could best be described as circular migration.
Only after the Evidence Further Amendment Act 1876 provided for a witness to make a declaration in lieu of an oath was testimony by Aboriginal people readily admissible in courts of law in New South Wales (NSW). This chapter examines proposals, from 1838 to 1876, to amend the law of evidence and case law addressing the law of evidence. It indicates the value of sources which extend beyond the customary definition of 'legal literature' to the study of colonial Australian legal history. Charles De Boos's works alluding to R. v. Wilkes indicate his knowledge of utilitarian and legislative arguments about reform of the law of evidence. De Boos's writings, both his fictionalized account of the Wilkes case in the novel Fifty Years Ago and his true-crime serial Pursued by Fate, complement more conventional sources for the study of the legal history of colonial NSW.
This article draws a legal portrait of President Lenaerts, in an attempt to critically examine both his description of the institution to which he belongs, and his influence upon it. It is based on a comprehensive study of his public and formalised statements (published or on podcasts) since the year of his election in 2015. Based on these research materials, this article examines the contextual elements of Lenaerts’ personality, career path, and the challenges currently facing the European Court of Justice. It also illustrates that Lenaerts is an exceptionally gifted legal mind, educated from his earliest years in Community law, with a career both shaped by and devoted to the Court. The article argues that, although Lenaerts remains publicly discreet about the Court’s internal organization, he nonetheless exerts a significant influence over its functioning and reform process. Furthermore, while Lenaerts publicly defends the idea of law as apolitical, he advances a normative vision of what EU law ought to be and asserts that its current form serves the interests of European citizens. Lenaerts is an influential President who skilfully leverages his scholarly authority to defend the Court and its jurisprudence, presented as coherent. Yet, his position is not without ambiguity, as he frequently shifts roles – scholar, citizen, or President – while defending a specific point. A significant part of his influence lies in the subtle gaps between his professed positions and his concrete actions, as well as between his dual role as scholar and as President—two interstices where institutional power is exercised less visibly, but no less effectively.
This introduction provides an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book traces the period of wartime French imperial division, setting it within the wider international politics of the Second World War. Neither the Vichy nor the Free French imperial authorities were masters of their own destiny. A truism perhaps, under Marshal Philippe Petain, the Vichy regime established in July 1940 governed only part of a defeated country under the gaze of the fascist powers. Control of the French empire was vital to the competing French leaderships of 1940-1944. The empire was a physical embodiment of what limited independence remained to the Vichy regime. The book evaluates the stability, the value and the strength of the empire, by considering the nature of Vichy and Free French colonial rule and the impact of that authority upon the local populations.
This chapter attempts to locate the role of law within debates on the imperialist nature of world political economy after international law, through the UN Charter, formally ended colonialism at the end of the Second World War. It examines legal and institutional structures created by British colonization in relation to water, a key resource in social production, and the contradictions it created in society both for the colonial Government and the population in the Krishna River Basin. The chapter explains relationship between the dilemmas of the British colonial Government and later the World Bank and the federal Government in the post-Independence period. It considers the sources of different types of conflict in relation to water, and argues that the processes which keep the issue of water locked into these conflicts are equally important.
Not only do politics and society struggle to make sense of current and future existential challenges, but science, especially in inter- and transdisciplinary endeavours, tackles the multifarious and often inextricably linked emergencies of our time. This contribution explores the intersection of cutting-edge microbiome science and literary works of art and its vital role in Public Humanities agendas. By the example of Adam Dickinson’s unique poetry collection Anatomic (2018), the paper demonstrates how the emerging, rapidly growing, and paradigm-shifting knowledge of the microbiome is a symbol for the porousness of science and literature, which not only fuels scientific and aesthetic innovation by enabling manifold exchanges beyond disciplinary and academic boundaries but also points towards its specific precariousness. As not only the borders of science and literature become porous as a prerequisite and result of circulatory processes of collaborative knowledge production but also the borders of (human) bodies as the sites of this knowledge-making do, there seems to be nothing less to negotiate than what it means to be human per se pointing towards modes of being human yet to be imagined by science and literature, within and beyond Academia alike.
This chapter focuses on women's history and feminist law. Daiva Stasiulis and Nira Yuval-Davis pointed out how 'few analyses of settler societies have examined how settler capitalism exacerbated and transformed relations based simultaneously on colonialism, capitalism, gender, class and race/ethnicity'. Issues of 'race' and gender have been approached in a variety of ways by historians in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Nevertheless, despite the growth in thematic, cross-national and comparative history, the desire for a national history has continued to flourish, in both popular demand and professional historical practice. Where Aotearoa/New Zealand historians have been extremely wary of writing national histories at all, Australian historians have tried to write national histories which embody full attention to both race and gender. The word 'racism' appears to have been coined first in the 1930s, as the scientific construction of racial categories came under intellectual critique.