The concept of reduction and integral closure of ideals relative to Artinian modules were introduced in [7]; and we summarize some of the main aspects now.

Let A be a commutative ring (with non-zero identity) and let a, b be ideals of A. Suppose that M is an Artinian module over A. We say that a is a reduction of b relative to M if a ⊆ b and there is a positive integer s such that

)O:Mabs)=(O:Mbs+l).

An element x of A is said to be integrally dependent on a relative to M if there exists n y ℕ(where ℕ denotes the set of positive integers) such that

It is shown that this is the case if and only if a is a reduction of a+Ax relative to M; moreover

ᾱ={x ɛ A: xis integrally dependent on a relative to M}

is an ideal of A called the integral closure of a relative to M and is the unique maximal member of

℘ = {b: b is an ideal of A which has a as a reduction relative to M}.

Inthis note, we present a thorough investigation of convolution operators that are naturally associated to vector measures. We characterize those convolution operators that are weakly compact and compact on Ll(G) and C(G) as well as those that are p summing, (1 ≤ p ≤ ∞) and nuclear on C(G).

The formula

was stated by Bateman ([2], p. 457); a proof is sketched in [3], p. 144. Here

the Laguerre polynomial of degree

Let A be a complex Banach algebra with unit 1 satisfying ‖1‖ = 1. An element u in A is said to be unitary if it is invertible and ‖u‖ = ‖u−1‖ = 1. An element h in A is said to be hermitian if ‖exp(ifh)‖ = 1 for all real t; that is, exp(ith) is unitary for all real t. Suppose that J is a closed two-sided ideal and π: A → A/J is the quotient mapping. It is easy to see that if x in A is hermitian (resp. unitary), then so is π (x) in A/J. We consider the following general question which is the converse of the above statement: given a hermitian (resp. unitary) element y in A/J, can we find a hermitian (resp. unitary) element x in A such that π(x) = y? (The author has learned that this question, in a more restrictive form, was raised by F. F. Bonsall and that some special cases were investigated; see [1], [2].) In the present note, we give a partial answer to this question under the assumption that A is finite dimensional.

This paper deals with the following problem: Can an arbitrary continuous function on [0, 1], which vanishes at the origin, be represented in some sense as a series of constant multiples of indefinite integrals of a complete orthonormal set of functions on [0,1]? Four contexts in which this problem arises naturally will be given in the introduction and the remainder of the paper will be devoted to giving a partial answer to the specific problem formulated in one of these contexts.

The purpose of this note is to present a unified treatment of the material contained in Chapter 10 of [2] on roots and logarithms of prespectral operators. Our main result gives a sufficient condition for an analytic function of a prespectral operator of class Γ to be prespectral of class Γ. A result in the opposite direction for spectral operators has been obtained by Apostol [1]. Terminology and notation in this paper are as in [2].

The theory of algebraic curves associated with subgroups of finite index in the modular group Γ is highly developed for such subgroups of Γ as may be defined by means of congruences in the ring ℤ of rational integers. The situation in he case of non-congruence subgroups of Γ, on the other hand, is drastically different. It reduces to a few isolated examples, two of which may be found in [12]. Related research by A. O. L. Atkin and H. P. F. Swinnerton-Dyer began in [1].

Let G be a finitely generated (f.g.) torsion-free nilpotent group. Then the group algebra k[G] of G over a field k is a Noetherian domain and hence has a classical division ring of fractions, denoted by k(G). Recently, the division algebras k(G) and, somewhat more generally, division algebras generated by f.g. nilpotent groups have been studied in [3] and [5]. These papers are concerned with the question to what extent the division algebra determines the group under consideration. Here we continue the study of the division algebras k(G) and investigate their Gelfand–Kirillov (GK–) transcendence degree.

Recent work [2, 6] on subalgebras of matrix algebras leads naturally to the following situation. Let A be a C*-subalgebra of the C*-algebra B andM be a weakly closed *-subalgebra of the von Neumann algebra N. Consider the following Conditions.

Condition 1. For every b≠ 0 in B there exists a ∈ A such that O≠ab ∈ A.

Condition 2. For every b∈B there exists a ≠ 0 in A such that ab ∈ A.

If we replace A by M and B by N in Conditions 1 and 2 we get von Neumann algebra versions which we shall call Condition 1'and Condition 2'. Clearly Condition 1 implies Condition 2, and both conditions suggest that A is some kind of weak ideal of B. This paper explores the extent to which this is true. The paper grew out of the author's attempts [1, 3] to generalize the Stone-Weierstrass theorem to C*-algebras.

Throughout the paper n denotes a fixed positive integer unless otherwise specified. Let B = Bn denote the open unit ball of ℂn and let S = Sn denote its boundary, the unit sphere. The unique rotation-invariant probability measure on 5 will be denoted by σ = σn. For n = l, we use more customary notations D = B1, T = S1 and dσ1= dθ/2π. The Hardy space on B, denoted by H2(B), is then the space of functions f holomorphic on B for which

Let s = s(a1, a2,...., ar) denote the number of integer solutions of the equation

subject to the conditions

the ai being given positive integers, and square brackets denoting the integral part. Clearly s (a1,..., ar) is also the number s = s(m) of divisors of which contain exactly λ prime factors counted according to multiplicity, and is therefore, as is proved in [1], the cardinality of the largest possible set of divisors of m, no one of which divides another.

Let {ak} be a sequence of non-negative real numbers satisfying a1 = l and

(1)

Brannan [1] proved that the function

(2)

is close-to-convex univalent in the unit disc D. The example

shows that the conclusion in Brannan's theorem is sharp in that sense that “close-to-convex” cannot be replaced by the stronger one: “starlike”. It is therefore of interest to see which additional condition can guarantee this stronger conclusion.

Let B(X) denote the Banach algebra of all bounded linear operators on a Banach space X. Let t be an element of B(X), and let edenote the identity operator on X. Since the earliest days of the theory of Banach algebras, ithas been understood that the natural setting within which to study spectral properties of t is the Banach algebra B(X), or perhaps a closed subalgebra of B(X) containing t and e. The effective application of this method to a given class of operators depends upon first translating the data into terms involving only the Banach algebra structure of B(X) without reference to the underlying space X. In particular, the appropriate topology is the norm topology in B(X) given by the usual operator norm. Theorem 1 carries out this translation for the class of compact operators t. It is proved that if t is compact, then multiplication by t is a compact linear operator on the closed subalgebra of B(X) consisting of operators that commute with t.

Using the theory of group extensions, A. Leutbecher [1] proved this

Lemma. Let G bea group, and w some 2-cocycle of a trivial G-module M. The cohomology class ofw will contain symmetric cocycles if and only if w is semisymmetric.

Here we have called w symmetric or semisymmetric according as w(h, g) = w(g, h) for all g, h ∈G or only for those with hg = gh. In one direction, the proof reduces to observing that 2-coboundaries of trivial G-modules are semisymmetric. The nontrivial part of the lemma also admits of a straightforward proof, as follows.

By the group G(2 cos π/q) we mean the group of linear fractional transformations of the complex plane onto itself, generated by V(z)= — 1/z and U(z) = z+λq, where λq = 2 cos (π/q), qbeing a positive integer greater than 2. In this paper we shall be concerned only with the group given by q = 5, and we shall therefore omit the subscript 5 on the λ. We note that λ = λ5 satisfies the equation

x2–x–l=0;(1)

henceλ = (l + 5½)/2.

In a very recent paper [1], Basil Gordon discusses generalizations of Jacobi's identity

where x and z are complex numbers and |x| <1. He notes that some of its consequences, inter alia Euler's formula

are of interest in number theory and combinatory analysis. He proves the apparently new and striking result

where |s|<1, and also considers the possibility of generalizations. His methods are algebraic and quite simple, but perhaps do not make obvious what underlies such formulae. It may be worth while to do so, especially since the details become simpler and the presentation more perspicuous. The method given here assumes no more knowledge than his does, although the new proof is expressed in terms of theta-functions, in simple properties of which, formulae such as (3) have their origin. Further, (3) appears in a slightly more symmetrical form.

Let pn denote the nth prime number. Erdös asked whether

for some constant c<1. Moreno [7] obtained a somewhat weaker result and subsequently Wolke [10] proved that

A point x in real Hilbert space is represented by an infinite sequence (x1, x2, x3, …) of real numbers such that

is convergent. The unit “sphere“ S consists of all points × for which ‖x‖ ≤ 1. The sphere of radius a and centre y is denoted by Sa(y) and consists of all points × for which ‖x−y‖ ≤ a.