Let $k$ be field of characteristic zero. Let $f\in k[X,Y]$ be a nonconstant polynomial. We prove that the space of differential (formal) deformations of any formal general solution of the associated ordinary differential equation $f(y^{\prime },y)=0$ is isomorphic to the formal disc $\text{Spf}(k[[Z]])$.

Given a family of varieties $X\rightarrow \mathbb{P}^{n}$ over a number field, we determine conditions under which there is a Brauer–Manin obstruction to weak approximation for 100% of the fibres which are everywhere locally soluble.

Let $P\in \mathbb{F}_{2}[z]$ be such that $P(0)=1$ and degree $(P)\geq 1$. Nicolas et al. [‘On the parity of additive representation functions’, J. Number Theory73 (1998), 292–317] proved that there exists a unique subset ${\mathcal{A}}={\mathcal{A}}(P)$ of $\mathbb{N}$ such that $\sum _{n\geq 0}p({\mathcal{A}},n)z^{n}\equiv P(z)~\text{mod}\,2$, where $p({\mathcal{A}},n)$ is the number of partitions of $n$ with parts in ${\mathcal{A}}$. Let $m$ be an odd positive integer and let ${\it\chi}({\mathcal{A}},.)$ be the characteristic function of the set ${\mathcal{A}}$. Finding the elements of the set ${\mathcal{A}}$ of the form $2^{k}m$, $k\geq 0$, is closely related to the $2$-adic integer $S({\mathcal{A}},m)={\it\chi}({\mathcal{A}},m)+2{\it\chi}({\mathcal{A}},2m)+4{\it\chi}({\mathcal{A}},4m)+\cdots =\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }2^{k}{\it\chi}({\mathcal{A}},2^{k}m)$, which has been shown to be an algebraic number. Let $G_{m}$ be the minimal polynomial of $S({\mathcal{A}},m)$. In precedent works there were treated the case $P$ irreducible of odd prime order $p$. In this setting, taking $p=1+ef$, where $f$ is the order of $2$ modulo $p$, explicit determinations of the coefficients of $G_{m}$ have been made for $e=2$ and 3. In this paper, we treat the case $e=4$ and use the cyclotomic numbers to make explicit $G_{m}$.

We show that Ribet sections are the only obstruction to the validity of the relative Manin–Mumford conjecture for one-dimensional families of semi-abelian surfaces. Applications include special cases of the Zilber–Pink conjecture for curves in a mixed Shimura variety of dimension 4, as well as the study of polynomial Pell equations with non-separable discriminants.

We study transcendence properties of certain infinite products of cyclotomic polynomials. In particular, we determine all cases in which the product is hypertranscendental. We then use various results from Mahler’s transcendence method to obtain algebraic independence results on such functions and their values.

For any number field we calculate the exact proportion of rational numbers which are everywhere locally a norm but not globally a norm from the number field.

A direct application of Zorn’s lemma gives that every Lipschitz map $f:X\subset \mathbb{Q}_{p}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{Q}_{p}^{\ell }$ has an extension to a Lipschitz map $\widetilde{f}:\mathbb{Q}_{p}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{Q}_{p}^{\ell }$. This is analogous to, but easier than, Kirszbraun’s theorem about the existence of Lipschitz extensions of Lipschitz maps $S\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{\ell }$. Recently, Fischer and Aschenbrenner obtained a definable version of Kirszbraun’s theorem. In this paper, we prove in the $p$-adic context that $\widetilde{f}$ can be taken definable when $f$ is definable, where definable means semi-algebraic or subanalytic (or some intermediary notion). We proceed by proving the existence of definable Lipschitz retractions of $\mathbb{Q}_{p}^{n}$ to the topological closure of $X$ when $X$ is definable.

We prove field quantifier elimination for valued fields endowed with both an analytic structure that is $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$-Henselian and an automorphism that is $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$-Henselian. From this result we can deduce various Ax–Kochen–Eršov type results with respect to completeness and the independence property. The main example we are interested in is the field of Witt vectors on the algebraic closure of $\mathbb{F}_{p}$ endowed with its natural analytic structure and the lifting of the Frobenius. It turns out we can give a (reasonable) axiomatization of its first-order theory and that this theory does not have the independence property.

Conservation laws provide important constraints on the solutions of partial differential equations (PDEs), therefore it is important to preserve them when discretizing such equations. In this paper, a new systematic method for discretizing a PDE, so as to preserve the local form of multiple conservation laws, is presented. The technique, which uses symbolic computation, is applied to the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation to find novel explicit and implicit schemes that have finite difference analogues of its first and second conservation laws and its first and third conservation laws. The resulting schemes are numerically compared with a multisymplectic scheme.

We extend and apply the Galois theory of linear differential equations equipped with the action of an endomorphism. The Galois groups in this Galois theory are difference algebraic groups, and we use structure theorems for these groups to characterize the possible difference algebraic relations among solutions of linear differential equations. This yields tools to show that certain special functions are difference transcendent. One of our main results is a characterization of discrete integrability of linear differential equations with almost simple usual Galois group, based on a structure theorem for the Zariski dense difference algebraic subgroups of almost simple algebraic groups, which is a schematic version, in characteristic zero, of a result due to Z. Chatzidakis, E. Hrushovski, and Y. Peterzil.

We show that the cyclic and epicyclic categories which play a key role in the encoding of cyclic homology and the lambda operations, are obtained from projective geometry in characteristic one over the infinite semifield of max-plus integers ℤmax. Finite-dimensional vector spaces are replaced by modules defined by restriction of scalars from the one-dimensional free module, using the Frobenius endomorphisms of ℤmax. The associated projective spaces are finite and provide a mathematically consistent interpretation of Tits's original idea of a geometry over the absolute point. The self-duality of the cyclic category and the cyclic descent number of permutations both acquire a geometric meaning.

Consider a vector bundle with connection on a $p$-adic analytic curve in the sense of Berkovich. We collect some improvements and refinements of recent results on the structure of such connections, and on the convergence of local horizontal sections. This builds on work from the author’s 2010 book and on subsequent improvements by Baldassarri and by Poineau and Pulita. One key result exclusive to this paper is that the convergence polygon of a connection is locally constant around every type 4 point.

This paper considers algebraic independence and hypertranscendence of functions satisfying Mahler-type functional equations $af(z^{r})=f(z)+R(z)$, where $a$ is a nonzero complex number, $r$ an integer greater than 1, and $R(z)$ a rational function. Well-known results from the scope of Mahler’s method then imply algebraic independence over the rationals of the values of these functions at algebraic points. As an application, algebraic independence results on reciprocal sums of Fibonacci and Lucas numbers are obtained.

We prove the existence of certain rationally rigid triples in ${E}_{8}(p)$ for good primes $p$ (i.e. $p>5$) thereby showing that these groups occur as Galois groups over the field of rational numbers. We show that these triples arise from rigid triples in the algebraic group and prove that they generate an interesting subgroup in characteristic zero. As a byproduct of the proof, we derive a remarkable symmetry between the character table of a finite reductive group and that of its dual group. We also give a short list of possible overgroups of regular unipotent elements in simple exceptional groups.

Let $R\subset F$ be an extension of real closed fields, and let ${\mathcal{S}}(M,R)$ be the ring of (continuous) semialgebraic functions on a semialgebraic set $M\subset R^{n}$. We prove that every $R$-homomorphism ${\it\varphi}:{\mathcal{S}}(M,R)\rightarrow F$ is essentially the evaluation homomorphism at a certain point $p\in F^{n}$ adjacent to the extended semialgebraic set $M_{F}$. This type of result is commonly known in real algebra as a substitution lemma. In the case when $M$ is locally closed, the results are neat, while the non-locally closed case requires a more subtle approach and some constructions (weak continuous extension theorem, appropriate immersion of semialgebraic sets) that have interest of their own. We consider the same problem for the ring of bounded (continuous) semialgebraic functions, getting results of a different nature.

We determine several variants of the classical interpolation formula for finite fields which produce polynomials that induce a desirable mapping on the nonspecified elements, and without increasing the number of terms in the formula. As a corollary, we classify those permutation polynomials over a finite field which are their own compositional inverse, extending work of C. Wells.

The problem of finding a nontrivial factor of a polynomial $f(x)$ over a finite field ${\mathbb{F}}_q$ has many known efficient, but randomized, algorithms. The deterministic complexity of this problem is a famous open question even assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis (GRH). In this work we improve the state of the art by focusing on prime degree polynomials; let $n$ be the degree. If $(n-1)$ has a ‘large’ $r$-smooth divisor $s$, then we find a nontrivial factor of $f(x)$ in deterministic $\mbox{poly}(n^r,\log q)$ time, assuming GRH and that $s=\Omega (\sqrt{n/2^r})$. Thus, for $r=O(1)$ our algorithm is polynomial time. Further, for $r=\Omega (\log \log n)$ there are infinitely many prime degrees $n$ for which our algorithm is applicable and better than the best known, assuming GRH. Our methods build on the algebraic-combinatorial framework of $m$-schemes initiated by Ivanyos, Karpinski and Saxena (ISSAC 2009). We show that the $m$-scheme on $n$ points, implicitly appearing in our factoring algorithm, has an exceptional structure, leading us to the improved time complexity. Our structure theorem proves the existence of small intersection numbers in any association scheme that has many relations, and roughly equal valencies and indistinguishing numbers.

In this paper, we construct several new permutation polynomials over finite fields. First, using the linearised polynomials, we construct the permutation polynomial of the form ${ \mathop{\sum }\nolimits}_{i= 1}^{k} ({L}_{i} (x)+ {\gamma }_{i} ){h}_{i} (B(x))$ over ${\mathbf{F} }_{{q}^{m} } $, where ${L}_{i} (x)$ and $B(x)$ are linearised polynomials. This extends a theorem of Coulter, Henderson and Matthews. Consequently, we generalise a result of Marcos by constructing permutation polynomials of the forms $xh({\lambda }_{j} (x))$ and $xh({\mu }_{j} (x))$, where ${\lambda }_{j} (x)$ is the $j$th elementary symmetric polynomial of $x, {x}^{q} , \ldots , {x}^{{q}^{m- 1} } $ and ${\mu }_{j} (x)= {\mathrm{Tr} }_{{\mathbf{F} }_{{q}^{m} } / {\mathbf{F} }_{q} } ({x}^{j} )$. This answers an open problem raised by Zieve in 2010. Finally, by using the linear translator, we construct the permutation polynomial of the form ${L}_{1} (x)+ {L}_{2} (\gamma )h(f(x))$ over ${\mathbf{F} }_{{q}^{m} } $, which extends a result of Kyureghyan.

We deal with aspects of direct and inverse problems in parameterized Picard–Vessiot (PPV) theory. It is known that, for certain fields, a linear differential algebraic group (LDAG) $G$ is a PPV Galois group over these fields if and only if $G$ contains a Kolchin-dense finitely generated group. We show that, for a class of LDAGs $G$, including unipotent groups, $G$ is such a group if and only if it has differential type $0$. We give a procedure to determine if a parameterized linear differential equation has a PPV Galois group in this class and show how one can calculate the PPV Galois group of a parameterized linear differential equation if its Galois group has differential type $0$.