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Knowledge before belief

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 September 2020

Jonathan Phillips Open the ORCID record for Jonathan Phillips [Opens in a new window] ,
Wesley Buckwalter ,
Fiery Cushman ,
Ori Friedman ,
Alia Martin ,
John Turri ,
Laurie Santos  and
Joshua Knobe
Jonathan Phillips
Affiliation:
Program in Cognitive Science, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Department of Philosophy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA jonathan.s.phillips@dartmouth.edu; http://phillab.host.dartmouth.edu/
Wesley Buckwalter
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy, Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA wesleybuckwalter@gmail.com; https://wesleybuckwalter.org/
Fiery Cushman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA cushman@fas.harvard.edu; http://cushmanlab.fas.harvard.edu/
Ori Friedman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada friedman@uwaterloo.ca; https://sites.google.com/view/uwaterloocclab
Alia Martin
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand alia.martin@vuw.ac.nz; https://vuwbabylab.com/
John Turri
Affiliation:
Philosophy Department and Cognitive Science Program, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada john.turri@gmail.com; https://john.turri.org/
Laurie Santos
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA laurie.santos@yale.edu; https://caplab.yale.edu/
Joshua Knobe
Affiliation:
Program in Cognitive Science, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. joshua.knobe@yale.edu; https://campuspress.yale.edu/joshuaknobe/
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Abstract

Research on the capacity to understand others' minds has tended to focus on representations of beliefs, which are widely taken to be among the most central and basic theory of mind representations. Representations of knowledge, by contrast, have received comparatively little attention and have often been understood as depending on prior representations of belief. After all, how could one represent someone as knowing something if one does not even represent them as believing it? Drawing on a wide range of methods across cognitive science, we ask whether belief or knowledge is the more basic kind of representation. The evidence indicates that nonhuman primates attribute knowledge but not belief, that knowledge representations arise earlier in human development than belief representations, that the capacity to represent knowledge may remain intact in patient populations even when belief representation is disrupted, that knowledge (but not belief) attributions are likely automatic, and that explicit knowledge attributions are made more quickly than equivalent belief attributions. Critically, the theory of mind representations uncovered by these various methods exhibits a set of signature features clearly indicative of knowledge: they are not modality-specific, they are factive, they are not just true belief, and they allow for representations of egocentric ignorance. We argue that these signature features elucidate the primary function of knowledge representation: facilitating learning from others about the external world. This suggests a new way of understanding theory of mind – one that is focused on understanding others' minds in relation to the actual world, rather than independent from it.

Keywords

belieffactivityfalse beliefknowledgeknowledge-firsttheory of mind

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Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 44 , 2021 , e140
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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