To save content items to your account,
please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account.
Find out more about saving content to .
To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org
is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings
on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part
of your Kindle email address below.
Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations.
‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi.
‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
To determine whether operating room (OR) shoe covers prevent surgical site infections (SSIs) and to assess their environmental and clinical impact.
Design:
Scoping review.
Setting:
Hospital operating room environments in international healthcare systems.
Methods:
We searched Emcare, Embase, MEDLINE, and SCOPUS for studies examining shoe covers and outcomes related to bacterial contamination or SSIs. Data were synthesized descriptively.
Results:
Six studies met inclusion criteria. Evidence was mixed regarding bacterial contamination: some showed fewer colony forming units with shoe covers, while others found no effect or even higher contamination. Only one study assessed clinical outcomes, reporting fewer SSIs following reduced use of disposable PPE (including shoe covers). No study demonstrated a direct SSI reduction from shoe covers alone.
Conclusions:
Evidence does not support OR shoe covers in preventing SSIs. Their use adds environmental burden through single-use plastics. More rigorous studies are needed to confirm these findings and guide sustainable infection prevention practices.
The two-dimensional to three-dimensional wake transition of a circular cylinder in a sinusoidal oscillatory flow arises from the Honji instability at a critical Keulegan–Carpenter number (denoted $\textit{KC}_{cr}$) with a corresponding critical spanwise wavelength (denoted $\lambda _{cr}$) for a given Stokes number (denoted $\beta$) larger than approximately 50. However, significant discrepancies in the $\textit{KC}_{cr}$ and $\lambda _{cr}$ values exist among the theoretical predictions by Hall (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 146, 1984, pp. 347–367), empirical formulae by Sarpkaya (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 457, 2002, pp. 157–180) and other experimental and numerical results in the literature. These long-standing discrepancies are addressed in this study, and new equations for $\textit{KC}_{cr}$ and $\lambda _{cr}$ are proposed for $\beta = 55$–$10^{6}$. The present $\textit{KC}_{cr}$ and $\lambda _{cr}$ values agree well with the Floquet analysis results of Elston et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 550, 2006, pp. 359–389) for $\beta \sim 50$–$100$, and asymptotically converge to theoretical predictions by Hall (1984) as $\beta \to \infty$, but deviate significantly from the empirical formulae by Sarpkaya (2002). The underlying physical mechanisms for these deviations are elucidated. In addition, we reproduce the quasi-coherent structure (QCS) numerically for the first time, and demonstrate that the QCS observed by Sarpkaya (2002), where transient Honji vortices become pronounced near peak flow velocities but diminish during deceleration, is physically induced by ambient disturbances inevitably contained in physical experiments, such that $\textit{KC}_{cr}$ given by Sarpkaya (2002) is specific to the level of disturbance in his experimental setting and is somewhat arbitrary.
In the article, the unsteady flow phenomenon of self-excited and forced oscillations in a rectangular diverging isolator is studied by using large eddy simulation, and the shock train region is analysed particularly. Self-excited oscillations are analysed under four pressure ratios, with pressure statistically processed to reveal shock train oscillation characteristics. The interference factors of the external environment on the unsteady flow in the isolator are investigated, and the function of upstream disturbance and downstream disturbance on the shock train oscillation is studied. Both disturbance types show that pressure amplitude increases oscillation amplitude, while frequency variations have opposing effects. Due to mismatched response speeds, low-frequency disturbances intensify oscillations, whereas high-frequency ones suppress them. The difference is that the pressure frequency excitation upstream is transmitted along the flow direction and directly acts on the shock train in the trough period of each unsteady pressure transformation, which intensifies the negative effect on shock train oscillations. The downstream disturbance arrives at the shock train region after passing through the complex flow coupling in the mixing region. The superposition of the external pressure excitation frequency and the mixing region makes the response of the shock train slower leading to a weakening effect of the shock train oscillation. Moreover, the unsteady flow develops in the mixing district and transmits upstream, and the inhibition effect is stronger than that of upstream pressure frequency excitation.
Se presentan los detalles del rescate de una tumba parcialmente saqueada, localizada al pie del Jasi Hablador —un gran paredón de areniscas terciarias, ubicado al norte del Departamento de Belén, Catamarca, Argentina—, y los primeros avances en el análisis de los materiales recuperados. Fue posible rescatar más de 30 fragmentos de textiles, abundantes restos óseos humanos —algunos con tejidos blandos— y distintos materiales arqueobotánicos secos. Una datación radiocarbónica sobre una muestra textil arrojó una fecha para mediados del siglo quince dC, coincidente con la ocupación inka en la región. A partir de estos primeros resultados, se discute la relación de este espacio funerario con el paisaje del Jasi Hablador en el contexto más amplio de la conquista inka. La preservación de los materiales orgánicos en el sitio es excepcional para la región, por lo cual, la continuidad de estos estudios aportará información de gran relevancia sobre los vínculos entre los grupos locales y el imperio inka.
Data-embedded instruments that couple sensing, modelling and sound production are increasingly used in electroacoustic practice, yet their ethical and cultural configurations remain under-analysed. This article develops an ethical-embodied framework for examining how particular data, sensing and mapping arrangements configure relations of care, listening and musical agency. Drawing on feminist and decolonial listening practices, disability and critical data studies and accounts of embodied instrumentality, it combines a selective genealogy of electroacoustic and globally situated practices with a mid-level comparative lens that treats its technical axes as heuristic rather than taxonomic. Case vignettes analyse works using gesture tracking, electromyography (EMG) and brain–computer interfaces (BCI), audience-sensing installations and machine-learning vocal systems, alongside the author’s own data-embedded instrument. Across these examples, the analysis shows how similar technologies can reproduce or contest institutional surveillance, extractivism and aesthetic normativity and outlines implications for the design, evaluation and teaching of data-mediated musical systems foregrounding situated listening and collective accountability.
A diverse early Miocene (Burdigalian) turritelline-dominated assemblage (TDA) is documented from a single bed of the Nandana Member of the Gaj Formation, Dwarka Basin, western India. This study reports 42 gastropod species, including the description of four new species: ?Clelandella saurashtraensis n. sp., Jujubinus dwarkaensis n. sp., Cerithium bardhani n. sp., and Nassarius anisi n. sp. In addition, 30 species are discussed under open nomenclature. The TDA assemblage is notable for the high diversity among turritelline gastropods, with eight species identified across two genera, Turritella and Haustator. Petrographic studies and the foraminifera associations of Lockhartia sp., Miogypsina sp., Operculina sp., Quinqueloculina sp., and Ammonia sp., along with other foraminiferal groups such as nodosariids, milliolids, and rotalids, suggest that the TDA bed was deposited in tropical, warm, nutrient-rich, well-oxygenated conditions in subtidal–intertidal conditions.
The stability analysis of multiphase capillary wavetrains on water of infinite depth is performed using two coupled fourth-order nonlinear evolution (NLE) equations. We have investigated analytically the influence of a second wavetrain travelling in a different direction to the first wavetrain. The propagation of multiphase modes is studied for the case when group velocity projections of two wavetrains overlap. Criteria are derived for capillary Stokes wave instabilities and for the existence of a multiphase solitary envelope solution. We have exhibited that the weakly nonlinear multiphase capillary wavetrains in deep water is unstable to oblique disturbances and presented that the dominant modulational instability is two-dimensional in deep water. It is found that the growth rate of modulational instability increases with the increase of the angle of interaction between two wavetrains. The existing fourth-order analysis provides significant deviations on the stability results when compared with the third-order analysis.
Since the mid-20th century, approaches to musical notation have multiplied, giving rise to a multitude of terminologies and classifications. While there exists an extremely rich literature on new approaches to musical notation, it is easy to be confused by a nomenclature that is still under construction and has yet to be formalised. Based on a narrative review of the scientific literature comprising over 250 documents on new forms of notations, this article aims to present the main terminologies used to describe the different approaches to notation. This article proposes a framework illustrating what we observed as the most prominent notation approaches (action-based scores, animated scores, graphic scores, etc.) according to the types of indications (prescriptive and/or descriptive), the notation encoding (semantic and temporal encoding), and the mediums used for transmission (screen, printed, etc.). The contemporary notation framework aims to provide tools for the further analysis and classification of musical notation used in contemporary instrumental, electronic, and electroacoustic music.
We compute particle deposition rates on the back side of a cylinder at Reynolds numbers $\textit{Re}={1685}$, $6600$ and $10\,000$ using direct numerical simulation and Lagrangian particle tracking. We find that the deposition rates for $\textit{Re}={6600}$ and $10\,000$ are highly variable in time, with differences of up to a factor 27 in deposition rates between alternating low- and high-deposition-rate periods. The deposition-rate fluctuations are found at frequencies lower than the vortex-shedding frequency and therefore require long simulation times to be discovered. Additionally, we find that these fluctuations correlate positively with the drag and negatively with the cylinder base pressure. These observations imply that the back-side deposition process is governed by the low-frequency modulation of the cylinder wake. The high-deposition-rate regime is associated with a shorter wake and a more efficient turbulent transport of particles towards the cylinder surface, where the wake length modulation appears to have a more prominent effect. Consequently, the wake modulation controls the deposition rate but does not significantly affect the deposition mechanism. The back-side deposition has a maximum at Stokes number $St = 0.07$, as particles of lower Stokes number have too little inertia to deposit effectively and the deposition rate decorrelates from the wake fluctuations for larger Stokes numbers. These results highlight the strong sensitivity of the back-side deposition process to accurate descriptions of the wake turbulence over long enough times. These observations are critical when constructing accurate datasets for data-assisted methods to predict long-term back-side deposition on bluff bodies.
A large body of literature examines the drivers of individual attitudes towards international trade policies. This article contributes to this literature by exploring the role of border regions across the European Union (EU). Border regions offer a unique context for examining trade attitudes. Residency in either EU, non-EU, or maritime borders generates differential impacts on individuals’ support for distinct trade policies. Focusing on attitudes towards import duties and EU trade agreements, this article demonstrates that individuals in non-EU borderlands and maritime border regions are particularly supportive of lowering import duties, whereas support for extra-EU trade agreements is largely uniform across regions, with only a modest positive tendency among maritime residents. Broader sentiment on trade shows limited regional differences, chiefly between EU-border and non-EU-border residents. Including a battery of control variables drawn from the literature, the article leverages individual-level data at the most fine-grained level available in the EU to explore these dynamics relying on several regression models. This article speaks to both the literature on trade attitudes and border studies by offering a conceptualization of borders that distinguishes between EU borders, non-EU borders, and maritime borders, each of which has distinct implications for individuals’ trade attitudes.
We present a detailed analysis of the Vela pulsar’s rotational behaviour using approximately 100 months of observational data spanning from September 2016 to January 2025, during which four glitches were identified. Here, we demonstrate the post-glitch recovery of these glitches within the framework of the vortex creep model. We further present the investigation of vortex residuals (the difference between observed values and those predicted by the vortex creep model) by interpreting them in the context of the vortex bending model. In addition, we report a positive correlation between the glitch magnitude and the time to the next glitch, applicable only for the large glitch events observed in the Vela pulsar. Furthermore, we estimate the braking index of the Vela pulsar to be 2.94 $\pm$ 0.55.
Electronic dance music is usually produced and played at fixed tempi. However, tempo modulation occasionally appears within a recorded track or DJ performance. This article explores tempo modulation in electronic dance music production and performance, maps out how the technique operates, and explores the technique’s wider potential. Pivot mixing, where a tempo shift is created by reinterpreting a pivot loop as different note values, can be particularly effective in an electronic dance music context when the pivot is expressed as repetitive material carried across the tempo shift. Many modulations between familiar dance music tempi are possible with conventional note values and can serve as DJ tools yet are largely underutilized. Tempo modulation is not a prevalent characteristic in electronic dance music but when it does occur the technique is highly effective and temporally engaging. Pivot mixing expands the temporal vocabulary of electronic dance music from beatmatching in temporal unisons to temporal intervals.
Early post-operative arrhythmia is a frequent complication after paediatric cardiac surgery. Although usually transient, it contributes to considerable morbidity and may increase mortality. This study aimed to determine the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of early post-operative arrhythmia following paediatric open-heart surgery.
Methodology:
A single-centre retrospective cohort study was conducted on paediatric patients who underwent open-heart surgery for congenital or acquired heart diseases between January 2022 and December 2024. Pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative parameters were analysed to identify independent predictors using multivariate logistic regression.
Results:
Of 2,096 patients analysed, 220 (10.5%) developed early post-operative arrhythmias, mainly tachyarrhythmias. The most common were complete heart block (3.2%), accelerated junctional rhythm (2.8%), and junctional ectopic tachycardia (1.9%). Tetralogy of Fallot repair had the highest incidence (20.2%). Independent predictors included prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (OR 1.005, 95% CI 1.002–1.009, p = 0.002), extended aortic cross-clamp time (OR 1.006, 95% CI 1.001–1.011, p = 0.011), and prolonged inotropic support (OR 1.035, 95% CI 1.009–1.063, p = 0.009). Serum magnesium ≥ 1.0 mmol/L was identified as a protective factor. Arrhythmia was associated with longer mechanical ventilation (median 4 vs. 2 days), ICU stay (8 vs. 4 days), and hospitalisation (20 vs. 12 days; all p < 0.001). Mortality was higher but not statistically significant (5.9% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.087).
Conclusion:
Post-operative arrhythmia occurred in 10.5% of paediatric cardiac surgeries, most frequently after Tetralogy of Fallot repair. Prolonged bypass, aortic cross-clamp times, hypomagnesemia, and high inotropic support were independent risk factors associated with increased morbidity.
American politics is characterized by an implicit rights-centrism, for example, when public discourse champions the freedom of speech in absolute terms. This article proposes instead an ends-centric mode of deliberation that underscores the myriad ends beyond rights that are also necessary to a polity’s health. Grounded in republican theory, the ends-centric mode maintains space to (re)prioritize ends and to redraw the boundaries of rights as required by a given moment or issue. Rather than displace rights-centrism or the courts’ role in enforcing rights, the ends-centric mode prompts other institutions also to engage in rights reasoning, thereby elevating the larger conversation and process of deliberation. It thus allows a separation-of-powers logic to operate more fully in the realm of rights by leveraging diverse institutional perspectives and capacities toward a multi-sided dialogue over rights questions. We draw from historical debates on speech and press freedom from the early republic and the twentieth century to find sight lines for an ends-centric approach in American politics. We further examine how ends-centric arguments would benefit deliberations over the regulation of social media today. Specifically, arguments that overemphasize speech in social media crowd out other desirable ends, such as protecting young people online and combating misinformation. Ultimately, we argue the benefits of rights-centric and ends-centric modes operating alongside each other across constitutional fora, as the polity deliberates rights in old and new forms.
Previous studies indicate that African immigrant women in the United States have lower rates of cervical cancer screening and prevention than other racial and immigrant groups, with additional heterogeneity by country of origin, language proficiency, and length of U.S. residence.
Objectives
This review aimed to (a) summarize barriers and facilitators to screening, (b) examine how existing studies conceptualize African immigrant identity and employ disaggregated analyses, and (c) apply intersectionality and stress process frameworks to highlight structural determinants shaping screening behaviors.
Methods
This systematic review, registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251151600), synthesizes evidence on cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination among African immigrant women in the United States. PubMed, ProQuest, EBSCO, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed studies published between January 2010 and December 2024. Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria, including cross-sectional surveys (n = 7), qualitative studies (n = 5), mixed-methods studies (n = 3), retrospective cohort analyses (n = 1), and one randomized controlled trial.
Results
Only 11 of the 17 studies disaggregated African immigrant women by country of origin or related subgroup characteristics. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for observational studies and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative studies. Across studies, African immigrant women consistently faced barriers to screening, including language discordance, lack of insurance, limited HPV awareness, cultural stigma, and unfamiliarity with the U.S. healthcare system. Interventions such as HPV self-sampling and culturally tailored education showed promise in improving screening uptake.
Significance of Results
The findings point to the need for standardized disaggregated data collection, culturally responsive interventions, and theory-driven research to reduce cervical cancer prevention disparities among African immigrant women in the United States.
We derive a depth-averaged equation for the magnetic field induced by long surface gravity waves over variable seabed. The equation is verified using known analytical results and a novel numerical model for magnetic anomalies over variable bathymetry. Unlike amplitude-based theories, our results show that the magnetic response is governed by the forward energy flux associated with the surface gravity wave. This reframes the physics of long-wave magnetics and provides a new basis for interpreting geomagnetic observations.
Over the past two decades, the number of academic psychiatrists in the UK has declined by more than a third, despite an expansion in medical schools and growth in most other medical academic specialties. Drawing on direct experience of establishing a new academic unit, we argue that the long-term sustainability of academic psychiatry departments is critical for service quality, innovation and talent development. This paper outlines the structural, cultural and strategic factors needed to create academic units that endure and flourish beyond individual careers, enabling better integration of research and clinical practice.