Safe navigation of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) relies on two capabilities: path planning and collision avoidance. This review surveys classical algorithms and modern AI techniques for embedding the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) into autonomous navigation. We organise prior work into three families—classical search/optimisation, real-time reactive methods, and learning-based approaches—and discuss their strengths and limitations with respect to rules compliance, computational cost, and onboard constraints. Building on these insights, we outline a large-language-model framework, Navigation-GPT, which couples reasoning-and-acting (ReAct) prompting with low-rank adaptation (LoRA). We further propose a three-phase deployment roadmap for MASS: core model integration, domain fine-tuning, and integrated operations. The paper concludes with open challenges and research directions toward reliable, explainable, and fully compliant MASS navigation.

This study assesses classification-based predictive maintenance (PdM) for aircraft engines on the NASA Commercial Modular Aero-Propulsion System Simulation dataset and addresses the lack of wide-scope, unified benchmarks. PdM is cast as a short-term binary task – predicting whether an engine will fail within the next 30 cycles – and a comparison is conducted across 10 machine-learning models (Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, k-Nearest Neighbor, Naïve Bayes, Extreme Gradient Boosting, LightGBM, CatBoost, and Gradient Boosting) and 3 deep-learning models (Multilayer Perceptron, Gated Recurrent Unit, and Long Short-Term Memory). A leakage-aware pipeline applies Min–Max scaling; class imbalance is handled with Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique where appropriate; hyperparameters are tuned via GridSearchCV/BayesSearchCV; and performance is reported with accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and receiver operating characteristic–area under the curve (ROC–AUC), complemented by Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) explainability and nonparametric significance tests. Sequence models delivered the strongest performance: LSTM achieved Accuracy = 0.981 (Macro-F1 = 0.92; ROC–AUC = 0.96), and GRU achieved ROC–AUC = 0.97 with Accuracy = 0.975. Among classical learners, LightGBM reached Accuracy = 0.972 (Macro-F1 = 0.86; ROC–AUC = 0.93). These gains over weaker baselines were statistically significant across folds. Framing PdM as near-term failure classification yields operationally interpretable alerts. Models that explicitly capture temporal dependencies (GRU/LSTM) best track short-horizon failure dynamics, while gradient-boosted trees offer competitive, lightweight alternatives. The benchmark and analysis (including SHAP) provide a reproducible reference for model selection in aviation PdM.

This paper explores the epistemic foundations of empathy and intersubjectivity in Edith Stein’s analysis, placing it in dialogue with Pope Francis’s reflections on the heart in his last encyclical, Dilexit Nos. Beginning with Stein’s development of empathy, the author examines how empathy grants us an awareness of the other’s inner experience, which is non-primordially present and foreign to the empathizing subject. While this structure reveals a fundamental asymmetry between self and other, it also leads Stein’s account of empathy to an epistemic insufficiency: it can describe the givenness of the other, but not the depth of relational life. At this insufficiency, I turn to Pope Francis’ notion of the heart as a lived space of spiritual life. The heart, in this vision, is where contradictions and polar tensions between self and other are not solved but held – a space of receptivity, affectivity, and interior openness. Drawing on the image of bamboo that survives precisely through its emptiness, I suggest that a spiritually receptive heart allows us to live in the asymmetrical experiences between self and without collapsing the other into abstraction.

This article argues for a metapoetic reading of the Talos episode in Apollonius of Rhodes, in which Medea symbolically annihilates Theocritus’ Polyphemus, the bucolic hero who had found a pharmakon to cure lovesickness. The distinctive phrases λεπτὸς ὑμήν ‘a thin membrane’ and σύριγξ αἱματόεσσα ‘a blood-filled vein’ are metapoetic signals: ‘a refined Callimachean marriage song’ and ‘bloody pan-pipes’, evoking Theocritus. The Cyclops’s peaceful response to romantic disappointment is well attested in other Hellenistic poems with medical overtones. The Talos episode engages these with other medical and Homeric allusions to contrast Medea’s outward destructive use of the Muses’ sciences with Polyphemus’ inward healing use.

This article brings critical human rights scholarship into the intersex sphere to unearth the potential limitations of the growing deployment of human rights to improve the health care experiences of intersex people. It traces the changing tactics of intersex activist groups and identifies three tendencies – reformism, coerciveness and juridification – that may be brought by the intersex movement and international agencies embracing human rights as the vernacular. This article argues that the dominance of the human rights approach, while allowing the intersex struggle to gain legitimacy, visibility and recognition, risks fuelling a depoliticised framework of remedicalisation and increased penality. It deflects attention from the endeavour of interrogating the social and cultural foundations rendering intersex variances a deviant form of embodiment.

In Outline of a Theory of Truth, Kripke introduces many of the central concepts of the logical study of truth and paradox. He informally defines some of these—such as groundedness and paradoxicality—using modal locutions. We introduce a modal language for regimenting these informal definitions. Though groundedness and paradoxicality are expressible in the modal language, we prove that intrinsicality—which Kripke emphasizes but does not define modally—is not. This follows from a characterization of the modally definable sets and relations and an attendant axiomatization of the modal semantics.

This paper studies an optimal reinsurance problem for a utility-maximizing insurer, subject to the reinsurer’s endogenous default and background risk. An endogenous default occurs when the insurer’s contractual indemnity exceeds the reinsurer’s available reserve, which is random due to the background risk. We obtain an analytical solution to the optimal contract for two types of reinsurance contracts, differentiated by whether their indemnity functions depend on the reinsurer’s background risk. The results shed light on the joint effect of the reinsurer’s default and background risk on the insurer’s reinsurance demand.

Drill-seeded rice (DSR) offers several agronomic and environmental advantages over conventional puddled transplanted rice (PTR), including labor and water savings, reduced cultivation costs, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Despite these benefits, weed control remains a major bottleneck in the widespread adoption of DSR. Imidazolinone-resistant rice (IMI-rice), which allows the use of imidazolinone herbicides, has the potential to overcome weed control challenges in DSR and can therefore facilitate the transition from PTR to DSR. However, limited information exists on the effectiveness of IMI herbicide-based weed control programs in drill-seeded IMI-rice in northwestern India. Field experiments were conducted in Karnal, India, from 2020 through 2023 growing seasons to (1) evaluate the timing and rates of IMI herbicides for effective weed control in IMI-rice under DSR conditions, and (2) assess the potential carryover effects of IMI herbicides on succeeding crops. Results showed that sequential postemergence (POST) applications of imazethapyr—early-POST followed by (fb) late-POST at either 100 fb 150 or 125 fb 125 g ai ha-1 effectively reduced biomass by 83 to 100% for key weed species, including barnyardgrass, crowfootgrass, and Chinese sprangletop, compared to weedy check, and provided yields similar to weed-free treatment. These sequential POST treatments were consistently more effective than conventional herbicide program of oxadiargyl as preemergence (PRE) fb bispyribac-sodium as POST. Sequentially PRE fb POST applications of imazethapyr were relatively less effective in controlling weeds and minimizing yield losses compared to sequential POST applications. However, in the second and third years, oxadiargyl 90 g ai ha-1 as PRE fb imazethapyr 100 g ai ha-1 as POST achieved comparable weed control efficiency to the sequential POST applications of imazethapyr (125 fb 125 g ai ha-1). No visual phytotoxicity was observed on the succeeding crops of wheat, mustard, chickpea, lentil, and corn from any of the herbicide treatments applied in IMI-rice.