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Toddler drinks, sometimes referred to as toddler milks or formulas, are not recommended by health authorities because they have a higher sugar and lower protein content than cows’ milk. However, advertisement spending and retail sales of these products have grown in the USA, and there is a nutrition surveillance gap in purchaser characteristics.
Design:
Household purchases of toddler drinks between 2004 and 2020.
Setting:
NielsenIQ consumer panel.
Participants:
Panellists across the USA.
Results:
Panellists purchased sixty-six unique toddler drinks between 2004 and 2020. Out of 202 207 households in the panel, 2644 panellists purchased toddler drinks at least once during the study period. Most panellists who purchased toddler drinks had a household income above $60 000 and had graduated from college. Households purchasing toddler drinks spent an average of $102 dollars, 1·5 % of their total food spending, on toddler drinks annually. The share of spending on toddler drinks increased by approximately 0·02 percentage points each year during the study period, which was equivalent to a 54 % increase between 2004 and 2020 (95 % CI: 0·04, 4 × 10–3). The highest average household spending on toddler drinks was among Asian households, households with a single male head of household and households with children 2–6 years old.
Conclusions:
Findings indicate that toddler drink purchasing patterns vary by household demographics and purchases have increased over time. Proactive efforts, including continued surveillance of toddler drink purchases and regulation of toddler drink marketing, are critical to promote consumption of age-appropriate beverages for young children.
We live in turbulent times. Humanity has become a geological force altering planetary conditions whilst notions of a universal abstract human have been challenged by the geohistorical formation of ecologies of power, capital and nature. Climate change, along with conceptualisations of education rooted in industrial framings of the world centring on human progress, testifies to multiple crises. This contribution attends to the connectedness of multiple crises and the complexity needed to address them by probing their marks, what is introduced as the etchings of metacrisis. In so doing, climate change and education are brought together to problematise the mindset of modernity and Enlightenment and the transhistorical continuity of -isms violences (capitalism, colonialism, imperialism, industrialism). Transoceanic thinking and Édouard Glissant’s notion of whirling encounters are mobilised along an affective approach to archives re-imagining environmental education. Such an approach prompts imaginaries of eco-relationality traversing the local and the global, the past and the present and re-vivifying the relationality of peoples and Land without downplaying violences of the -isms.
A general asymptotic theory is established for sample cross moments of nonstationary time series, allowing for long-range dependence and local unit roots. The theory provides a substantial extension of earlier results on nonparametric regression that include near-cointegrated nonparametric regression as well as spurious nonparametric regression. Many new models are covered by the limit theory, among which are functional coefficient regressions in which both regressors and the functional covariate are nonstationary. Simulations show finite sample performance matching well with the asymptotic theory and having broad relevance to applications, while revealing how dual nonstationarity in regressors and covariates raises sensitivity to bandwidth choice and the impact of dimensionality in nonparametric regression. An empirical example is provided involving climate data regression to assess Earth’s climate sensitivity to CO$_2$, where nonstationarity is a prominent feature of both the regressors and covariates in the model. To our knowledge, this application is the first nonparametric empirical analysis to assess potential nonlinear impacts of CO$_2$ on Earth’s climate while allowing for nonstationarity in both the regressors and covariates.
Lepidopteran stemborers are among the most destructive pests of maize, sorghum, and sugarcane in Africa. Yet, data on their species composition and host range in Rwanda remain limited. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of stemborer diversity, seasonal dynamics, and altitudinal distribution across eastern (low altitude), central (mid-altitude), and northern (high altitude) Rwanda. Surveys were conducted during both the rainy (maize growing) and dry seasons of 2023–2024, targeting infested maize fields and surrounding wild vegetation. A total of 2691 stemborer individuals were recovered from nine host plants, with 1474 (54.8%) from wild and fodder vegetation and 1217 (45.2%) from maize plantations. Species richness was highest in the mid-altitude zone, while overall abundance peaked at low altitudes. Busseola fusca was the most abundant in the high-altitude zone, Chilo partellus in the low altitude, and Sesamia spp. was concentrated in the mid-altitude. Seasonal variation significantly influenced population dynamic, with the highest abundance (1251; 46.4%) recorded during the dry season. Notably, Pennisetum purpureum (Napier grass) hosted 1156 (42.9%) of all specimens, highlighting its role as a key refugium during maize off-seasons. These findings underscore the ecological importance of wild vegetation in sustaining stemborer populations and suggest that wild vegetation, altitudinal, and seasonal factors must be considered in designing integrated lepidopteran stemborer pest management strategies.
Chronic pain represents a major global public health issue. It is associated with wide-ranging psychosocial consequences. Extensive evidence has demonstrated that pain catastrophizing (PC) contributes to the bidirectional association between chronic pain and psychological distress. The present study aims to explore the psychological and cognitive correlates of chronic pain among individuals living in Gaza.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 272 adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Spearman’s correlations assessed associations between pain intensity, catastrophizing and depressive symptoms. Multiple regression and bootstrapped mediation analyses (5,000 resamples and PROCESS macro) evaluated predictors and the mediating role of catastrophizing in the pain–depression relationship.
Results
Pain intensity was positively correlated with depression (r = 0.28, p < 0.001) and catastrophizing (r = 0.39, p < 0.001). A stronger correlation was found between catastrophizing and depression (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis demonstrated that catastrophizing fully mediated the association between pain intensity and depression (indirect effect = 0.95, 95% confidence interval = [0.65–1.29]).
Conclusion
PC is a key psychological mechanism linking pain intensity and depression among patients with chronic pain in Gaza. Integrating cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness and emotion regulation strategies into pain management may improve mental health outcomes in conflict-affected settings.
Harnessing the economic and social value of health data in the EU – The European Health Data Space Regulation (the Regulation) as a cornerstone of data-driven healthcare and research – Balancing innovation with fundamental rights and European constitutional values – The Regulation within the broader process of European integration in public health – Contribution of the Regulation to the Digital Single Market and the European Health Union – Limits of member state action in a Union based on the rule of law – Constitutional tensions between strategic policy ambitions and existing EU competences – Critical assessment of the Regulation’s compatibility with the EU constitutional framework – Pathways to address identified shortcomings through constitutional and institutional reforms.
In a series of detective novels published between 1957 and 1969 Chester Himes portrayed diverse individuals struggling for survival, wealth, and status in a fictionalized postwar Harlem, combining what Richard Wright called a “bio-social” perspective with an antiracist aesthetics that falsified simplistic racial categories. In this essay, I trace Himes’s renderings of bodily difference and transformation, highlighting features neglected by contemporaries such as Ellison and Baldwin as well as more recent critics and readers who frame Himes’s writings as protests against anti-Black violence. I conclude that Himes’s Harlem novels did not simply reflect violent realities of African American lives but instead exhibited unresolved conflicts between antiracist imperatives, namely a recognition of individual complexities on the one hand, and organized struggle against racially discriminatory institutions and practices on the other.
In alignment with the vision for the future of the European Union (EU) put forth by the European Green Deal in 2020, and EU efforts to tackle global deforestation and forest degradation, the EU Deforestation-Free Products Regulation (EUDR) was adopted in June 2023. The EUDR is designed specifically as a unilateral, yet transnational, intervention to limit access to the EU market or the exports from the EU of seven key forest-risk commodities whenever they are linked with deforestation, forest degradation, or illegality. Drawing on decolonial and critical food systems scholarship, this article critically examines the EU’s position in combating global deforestation and forest degradation by positioning the EUDR in historically shaped and unequally constructed agri-food chains. Whereas the EU’s plan to decrease deforestation and forest degradation linked with its substantive consumption of products from the global south is an innovative step from the point of view of transnational governance of environmental degradation, we find that the historical amnesia, the emphasis on global trade, and the push for ‘green value chains’ fail to address the root causes of deforestation. Moreover, we contend that the EU legislator overlooked the potential of using transnational governance to rethink agri-food systems, including by promoting re-regionalization in the name of food sovereignty and the right to food.
In a world under a triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution, this study aimed to evaluate the types, features and impacts of environmental sustainability and social responsibility food labels on consumers’ choices and purchasing decisions.
Design:
A systematic review encompassing three electronic databases was conducted. The initial search was conducted in May 2022 and updated in July 2025, identifying 364 studies. After screening, forty-one studies were included. Data were extracted using a standardised form and analysed by topic.
Setting:
Studies included were conducted in various consumer and market settings, primarily focusing on packaged food products.
Participants:
The studies represented a range of consumers across demographic and geographic contexts, but mostly focused on Western Europe, the US and other high-income countries.
Results:
Most studies were experimental (‘choice experiments’) and evaluated purchasing intentions. Environmental sustainability labels generally elicit positive consumer responses, with high preferences for organic and animal welfare claims. Consumers often desire additional information to better understand label meanings. While some evidence supports the influence of environmental sustainability labels on consumer choices, their impact on actual purchasing behaviour remains mixed. Research on social responsibility labels is notably limited.
Conclusions:
There is insufficient evidence to determine the real-world impacts of environmental sustainability and social responsibility labels on food choices. Future studies could focus on purchasing behaviours in real-life consumer interactions with labels, the impacts of the exposure to varying levels of information and a potential integration of domains. Given pressing social and environmental challenges, integrative strategies are required to develop labels that effectively guide consumers toward healthier, sustainable, and socially responsible food options.
In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu announces that he would be the happiest of mortals if he could help men cure themselves of their prejudices. Though he demands that we understand prejudice’s role in his work, scholars have not excavated his whole strategy regarding it. Preliminary investigations have concluded that he sought to destroy prejudices because he had a high estimation of popular reason. This article argues that, while he does seek to eliminate prejudices that support despotism, he also encourages salutary ones for liberty. His whole strategy regarding prejudices shows that his use of them reflects a modest assessment of reason. By demonstrating that two of his well-known strategies for political reform—reinterpreting Christianity and encouraging commerce—concern salutary prejudices, this article reveals the centrality of prejudices to his political project overall.
The major aim was to examine the interaction between visiting Kuwaiti Diwaniyyah, dietary habits and daily activities during Ramadan among Kuwaiti men.
Design:
An electronic questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire included questions about various sociocultural factors, frequency of visiting Diwaniyyah, dietary habits and physical activity variables. For the sociocultural variables, age, level of education and governorate were collected. ANOVA, t test, Pearson’s correlation and regression were used.
Setting:
Respondents came from different and various subgroups of the Kuwaiti population and from all six governorate
Participants:
A total of 736 Kuwaiti men were selected from an opportunistic sample.
Results:
The results show that the food most eaten at night after Iftar in general was rice, meat and dairy products. Younger age groups eat more sweets, pastry, traditional sweets, dairy products and rice than the other age groups. The higher the frequency of visiting Diwaniyyah, the greater the consumption of these types of food at night. Also, older men eat fewer types of food and have lower physical activity levels at night during Ramadan than other age groups. Men with graduate educational levels who regularly visit Diwaniyyah consume more types of food at night than those who do not visit the Diwaniyyah. Age, social individuals and number of days visiting Diwaniyyah were associated with and predicted the number of types of food eaten at night during Ramadan.
Conclusion:
The study findings reveal that during Ramadan, lifestyle behaviour changes among men, including the timing and number of meals, type and portion of food consumption and physical activity behaviour.
The RNCP/NIAID recommends the creation of a North American Biodosimetry Assessment Networking Group (BANG) by developing a blueprint for integrating the relevant national capabilities to provide emergency biodosimetry assistance in civilian populations following a radiological or nuclear incident. The goals of BANG are to: 1) establish a collaborative network (public/private partnership) and engage its membership to address emergency preparedness, response, and recovery, 2) promote strategic relationships between network members to encourage resource sharing, 3) engage with stakeholders to utilize recommended tools and support training exercises, and 4) advance bioinformatics and machine learning approaches to integrate and utilize the network data for managing emergency situations.
To be adequately prepared for large-scale radiological or nuclear incidents, a coordinated network among well-trained, commercial, hospital, and/or academic laboratories is a critical factor for providing rapid exposure assessments. Interactive and productive collaborations between North American laboratories will improve the capabilities of the network by offering a wider range of complementary biological and physical techniques. BANG would connect community service providers with various biodosimetry capabilities, and enable members to discuss best practices, common goals, emergency planning/ training, and sharing of resources, to increase the nation’s resiliency before, during, and after a radiological public health emergency.
This paper presents a wideband dual-polarized microstrip patch antenna with a dual-layer design to meet the requirements of high isolation for in-band full-duplex (IBFD) communication systems. The antenna improves upon the traditional square patch with four Γ-shaped probe-fed by ingeniously extending the metal strips of the Γ-shaped probes to form a cross-shaped structure, thereby exciting multiple independently tunable resonant modes. A circular ring slot is etched at the feed point to optimize the antenna impedance matching. Finally, a middle-layer circular patch is added to optimize the high-frequency impedance matching without changing the profile. By combining differential feeding technology, the antenna maintains a low-profile characteristic of 0.086λL (where λL denotes the free-space wavelength at the lowest operating frequency) while achieving dual-polarized operation and high port isolation (≥42 dB), along with an impedance bandwidth of 71.5% (4.06–8.58 GHz) that surpasses most existing designs. The measured antenna realized peak gain is 8.2 dBi, with cross-polarization suppression ≤−20 dB and stable radiation pattern characteristics across the operating frequency band. This design provides a compact antenna solution with high isolation, broadband, dual polarization, and low cost for IBFD applications.