Sponges are important components of marine systems globally, and while sponges have generally been shown to tolerate ocean acidification (OA), most earlier studies have focused on demosponges with siliceous skeletons. In contrast, little is known of how calcareous sponges, with calcite or aragonite skeletons, may react to OA conditions. Here we measured tissue necrosis and respiration rate of the temperate New Zealand calcareous sponge Grantia sp. to simulated OA. Our treatment conditions were based on the IPCC RCP8.5 (pCO2 1131.9 ± 113 μatm) scenario over a 28 day experiment, and responses were compared to current day control conditions (pCO2 512.59 ± 23 μatm). Sponge respiration rate was not significantly different between the control and treatment sponges and there was no evidence of tissue necrosis over the course of the experiment. Overall, our study is consistent with earlier studies on demosponges, showing calcareous sponges to be resilient to OA.

Many industrial design problems are characterized by a lack of an analytical expression defining the relationship between design variables and chosen quality metrics. Evaluating the quality of new designs is therefore restricted to running a predetermined process such as physical testing of prototypes. When these processes carry a high cost, choosing how to gather further data can be very challenging, whether the end goal is to accurately predict the quality of future designs or to find an optimal design. In the multi-fidelity setting, one or more approximations of a design’s performance are available at varying costs and accuracies. Surrogate modelling methods have long been applied to problems of this type, combining data from multiple sources into a model which guides further sampling. Many challenges still exist; however, the foremost among them is choosing when and how to rely on available low-fidelity sources. This tutorial-style paper presents an introduction to the field of surrogate modelling for multi-fidelity expensive black-box problems, including classical approaches and open questions in the field. An illustrative example using Australian elevation data is provided to show the potential downfalls in blindly trusting or ignoring low-fidelity sources, a question that has recently gained much interest in the community.

Two asymptotic configurations on a full $\mathbb {Z}^d$-shift are indistinguishable if, for every finite pattern, the associated sets of occurrences in each configuration coincide up to a finitely supported permutation of $\mathbb {Z}^d$. We prove that indistinguishable asymptotic pairs satisfying a ‘flip condition’ are characterized by their pattern complexity on finite connected supports. Furthermore, we prove that uniformly recurrent indistinguishable asymptotic pairs satisfying the flip condition are described by codimension-one (dimension of the internal space) cut and project schemes, which symbolically correspond to multidimensional Sturmian configurations. Together, the two results provide a generalization to $\mathbb {Z}^d$ of the characterization of Sturmian sequences by their factor complexity $n+1$. Many open questions are raised by the current work and are listed in the introduction.

A digraph group is a group defined by non-empty presentation with the property that each relator is of the form $R(x, y)$, where x and y are distinct generators and $R(\cdot , \cdot )$ is determined by some fixed cyclically reduced word $R(a, b)$ that involves both a and b. Associated with each such presentation is a digraph whose vertices correspond to the generators and whose arcs correspond to the relators. In this article, we consider digraph groups for strong digraphs that are digon-free and triangle-free. We classify when the digraph group is finite and show that in these cases it is cyclic, giving its order. We apply this result to the Cayley digraph of the generalized quaternion group, to circulant digraphs, and to Cartesian and direct products of strong digraphs.

Let $B(\Omega )$ be a Banach space of holomorphic functions on a bounded connected domain $\Omega $ in ${{\mathbb C}^n}$. In this paper, we establish a criterion for $B(\Omega )$ to be reflexive via evaluation functions on $B(\Omega )$, that is, $B(\Omega )$ is reflexive if and only if the evaluation functions span the dual space $(B(\Omega ))^{*} $.

Dans le présent article, nous proposons une analyse de la mise en scènes de la (non-)réalisation du ne de négation et du il impersonnel dans un corpus de onze bandes dessinées de l’auteur franco-syrien Riad Sattouf. Notre objectif est double: d’une part, il s’agit de confronter cette mise en scène aux résultats des études de corpus oraux et, d’autre part, nous voulons la situer par rapport aux résultats d’autres études sur la mise en scène de l’oralité dans la bande dessinée. Pour ce faire, nous examinons des variables internes (p. ex. le type du forclusif ou les verbes impersonnels) et externes (p. ex. l’âge du personnage) et catégorisons nos résultats selon le modèle de proximité et de distance communicatives de Koch/Oesterreicher (22011). Le corpus utilisé se compose de toutes les bandes dessinées hors-série et d’une bande dessinée par série de Sattouf publiées entre 2003 et 2021. Notre article montre qu’il existe des similitudes entre la mise en scène sattoufienne et les pratiques orales au niveau des variables internes. Nous constatons cependant de grandes différences en ce qui concerne la variation de la (non-)réalisation du ne et du il en fonction des variables externes.

The game of fifty-eight holes is one of the longest recognized games of antiquity, but also one of the least understood. New evidence from the Caspian littoral points to an early adoption of the game by Middle Bronze Age seasonally pastoral cattle herders in the late third millennium and early second millennium bc. Six boards bearing this game's distinct pattern were found at sites on the Abşeron Peninsula and Gobustan Reserve in Azerbaijan. Their presence there not only indicates that the region was connected to societies to the south, but also demonstrates the game's popularity across cultures and socioeconomic groups. Its supposed first appearance in Egypt is questioned in favour of a south-western Asian origin.

This paper considers the question of how to find “women's space” in the Roman house by looking at a painting of the myth of Pero and Mycon in a small cubiculum off the atrium of Pompeii's House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto. It argues that the combination of the image with an ecphrastic poem functions to draw viewers into the enclosed room, so that they experience the painting from a position of interiority. This echoes the interiority which is thematized in the myth and presented as an important aspect of the virtuous femininity it celebrates. By communicating gendered meaning through both images of place and the viewer's physical experience, the painting offers a way of understanding women's space as simultaneously material and representational.

This article explores the Homeless European Land Program, an experiment in resettling foreign refugees in post-Second World War Sardinia undertaken by two idealistic Americans with the support of the Brethren Service Committee and the fledgling UNHCR. Focusing on individuals rejected for immigration, the initiative aimed to integrate these ‘hard core’ refugees by rendering them agents of development of a ‘backwards’ region of the Italian South and to overcome Italian reluctance to serve as a country of permanent resettlement for the displaced. The history of this project reveals the contradictory impulses of early Cold War refugee relief and humanitarianism: the competition between intergovernmental and voluntary agencies, of secular and spiritual enterprises, and of images of refugees as dependent and difficult to settle and yet capable of self-sufficiency. Many of the ideas piloted in Sardinia, notably the linking of self-sufficiency and development, later became prominent in the UNHCR's work in the Global South.

Research in social psychology has long argued that exposure to objectifying portrayals of women can lead to increasingly misogynist attitudes and behavior. We argue that such images can also impact on gendered policy attitudes. We suggest that objectifying images prime sexist attitudes and reduce perceptions of women’s agency, warmth, and competence. We argue that this may translate into decreased support for reproductive rights and other gender-salient policies. Furthermore, these effects may vary by the gender of those exposed to these images. In two survey experiments with brief exposures to objectifying images, we find mixed support for these predictions. Although we find some negative effects as predicted, we also find positive effects of objectification among women in the sample that are suggestive of a backlash effect. We discuss potential explanations for this heterogeneity. Overall, our results suggest interesting avenues to further explore the effects of objectification on political outcomes.

Humans have utilised caves for funerary activities for millennia and their unique preservational conditions provide a wealth of evidence for treatments of the dead. This paper examines the evidence for funerary practices in the caves of Scotland and northern England from the Bronze Age to the Roman Iron Age (c. 2200 bc–ad 400) in the context of later prehistoric funerary ritual. Results suggest significant levels of perimortem trauma on human skeletal remains from caves relative to those from non-cave sites. We also observe a recurrent pattern of deposition involving inhumation of neonates in contrast to excarnation of older individuals.

Two fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species of economic importance: Ceratitis rosa Karsch and Ceratitis quilicii De Meyer, Mwatawala & Virgilio are present in South Africa. The two species were considered as one species prior to 2016, but were subsequently separated. In this study, the distribution and abundance of the two species were quantified in seven provinces in South Africa through trapping with Enriched Ginger Oil as an attractant. Trapping was conducted over three seasons across two years (2020 and 2021): late summer, autumn-winter, and spring-early summer. Host ranges of the two species were investigated by fruit sampling in and outside of trapping sites. Ceratitis quilicii was more widely distributed than C. rosa with the latter being recorded in only three north-eastern provinces. There were geographical limits for both species with no records of them in Northern Cape Province. Catches of C. quilicii were higher in summer with average temperatures varying from 15 to 27°C while for C. rosa, catches remained low and consistent between seasons. Ceratitis quilicii catches decreased at lower rates than those of C. rosa at temperatures below 15°C. The two species were reared from 13 plant species from nine families. Four of these hosts were infested by both C. quilicii and C. rosa in the same province where they occurred. Preferred hosts of the two species belonged to the Myrtaceae family. The characterisation of the distribution, abundance and host ranges of these pests will provide a baseline for pest status determination and implementation of management actions.

The Southern Uplands-Down-Longford Terrane (SUDLT) saw exploration for coal in Ordovician-Silurian marine rocks for several centuries, including well after it was understood that land plant coals would not occur in such rocks. Some lithologies were so carbonaceous that a fuel of sorts was mined. The record of this exploration and mining activity is mostly forgotten, but there are diverse sources to show that it was widespread. Exploration was mostly inspired by outcrops of Moffat Shale, in which deformation and hydrocarbon generation left coal-like products. The hydrocarbon origin conferred high calorific value to the fuel, so it did burn and encouraged exploration. The deposits show that an accretionary prism can be a reservoir of locally abundant carbon.

Despite significant evidence that age is an important factor in homelessness, life course considerations have not been systematically incorporated into the most influential theories of the factors that heighten the risk of becoming homeless. To address this oversight, this article examines variations in the risk of transitioning into homelessness among single adults in Dublin, Ireland. Consideration is given to how these transitions are shaped by the interaction between life course stage and changing personal circumstances, experiences, and relationships. It reveals that while some triggers of homeless, such as leaving institutional or private rented accommodation, are common experiences among all age groups, younger and older adults both experience distinct patterns of transition into homelessness. This understanding can help to strengthen the traditionally weak evidence base for homelessness prevention strategies, and in particular inform the design of targeted measures, that address the specific homelessness risks faced by some age groups.