Using a rolling cross-section survey of 54,000 voters conducted between mid-October and mid-December, a panel survey of 6,000 voters interviewed in both October and December, and surveys of 1,400 local political elites and officials conducted in both October and December, this study characterizes how confidence in the accuracy of national elections changed with the projected election of President Trump on Election Day. Among voters, Republican confidence immediately increased by 31 percentage points (123% change) and Democrats’ confidence declined by 12 percentage points (16% change) such that the confidence among partisan voters was almost identical by mid-December. The most polarized partisans exhibited the largest confidence changes. Among local political elites, the increase in Republicans’ confidence mirrored the increase among Republican voters (106% change), but the confidence among Democratic political elites remained high throughout. These findings highlight troubling concerns for sustaining a shared confidence in the accuracy and legitimacy of future elections.

In this article, we introduce a notion of reducibility for partial functions on the natural numbers, which we call subTuring reducibility. One important aspect is that the subTuring degrees correspond to the structure of the realizability subtoposes of the effective topos. We show that the subTuring degrees (i.e., the realizability subtoposes of the effective topos) form a dense non-modular (thus, non-distributive) lattice. We also show that there is a nonzero join-irreducible subTuring degree (which implies that there is a realizability subtopos of the effective topos that cannot be the meet of two larger realizability subtoposes of the effective topos).

This article contributes to the “praxiological turn” in legal pluralism studies by offering an ethnomethodological re-reading of Masaji Chiba’s theory. Responding to critiques of its “rigidity,” it reframes Chiba’s theoretical “three dichotomies” not as static classificatory categories, but as a set of heuristic questions for discovering the practical methods members use to accomplish a pluralistic legal order. This approach reveals how legal pluralism is achieved in situ. It demonstrates that normative tensions—such as official/unofficial—are not pre-existing structures but are dynamically produced by participants in their moment-to-moment interaction. An analysis of Japanese lay judge deliberations illustrates how these dichotomies function as practical resources that members use to organize and negotiate “contested modernities.” This perspective unlocks the potential of Chiba’s legacy for empirically elucidating the interactional foundations of law as a lived phenomenon.

In July 1939, Wang I-lü, a recent high school graduate, was reported to have fallen down a staircase while wearing high heels. The accident triggered heated public debates in Shanghai. Some condemned high heels as dangerous and decadent; others defended them, while Wang’s classmates denied Wang had ever worn them. Amid these conflicting voices, this article treats the death of Wang I-lü not as a question of forensic fact but as a historically situated event, one that maps the cultural trajectory of the high heel in modern China. Wang I-lü’s accident is indeed not an isolated incident: high-heeled women were frequently depicted falling down. The falling-down girl phenomenon encapsulates, as argued, a mixture of male affects, including fears of modernity, voyeuristic fascination, nationalist concerns, and the urge to control the female body. Meanwhile, women also held ambivalent attitudes toward high heels, though in different ways. They either regarded the high heel as a sign of vanity or employed it to negotiate visibility and identity. The high heel thus constitutes not only an object of foot fetishism, one that fuses Freudian male desire with Foucauldian biopolitical control, but also a thing utilized by women for imagining and enacting varied forms of womanhood, forms that were not necessarily resistant to men nor entirely emancipatory or conservative but rather responded to women’s own diverse circumstances.

By accepting a later dating for the composition of the Histories, this article argues that Herodotus mirrors Athenian imperialism in his account of the First Persian War to convey a political message to contemporary recipients. In doing so, he departs from the prevailing tradition of the expedition of Datis and Artaphrenes by creating a narrative that manipulates Persian methods of conquest, presenting them in a manner that appears emblematic of Athenian imperialism. In this way, the Herodotean Persians do not adhere to their expected cultural script, but act out the Athenian script. This reading offers a new understanding of Herodotus’ account of the Persian campaign as conveying a message to the Athenians who began to recognize that their former policies toward their allies were transgressive imperialism. As a result, his account of the First Persian War is a sophisticated meditation on the effects of imperialism rather than a straightforward depiction of historical events.

This article theorises Pakistan’s role in the Afghan–Soviet War (1979–1989) as a form of ‘conflictual world-making’ – a process through which postcolonial states and societies simultaneously contest and reproduce global orders. Moving beyond Eurocentric narratives of superpower rivalry, it demonstrates how Pakistan’s state and societal actors actively reshaped the Cold War from the margins. Drawing on state archives and movement periodicals, the analysis reveals a dialectical struggle: while the military establishment enforced a U.S.-led imperial order, borderland movements pursued alternative, anti-imperial world-making projects. The article develops the concept of ‘imperial-anti-imperial relationism’ to capture this entanglement. By centring these South-South encounters and transboundary mobilisations, it recasts the Afghan war not as a mere proxy conflict between the superpowers, but as a decisive crucible where late Cold War geopolitics collided with the unfinished project of decolonisation. The argument compels a rethinking of world order struggles, insisting that the Global South’s generative margins are essential to understanding the end of the Cold War and the violent birth of our contemporary world disorder.

Approximate lattices of Euclidean spaces, also known as Meyer sets, are aperiodic subsets with fascinating properties. In general, approximate lattices are defined as approximate subgroups of locally compact groups that are discrete and have finite co-volume. A theorem of Lagarias [Meyer’s concept of quasicrystal and quasiregular sets. Comm. Math. Phys. 179(2) (1996), 365–376] provides a criterion for discrete subsets of Euclidean spaces to be approximate lattices. It asserts that if a subset X of $\mathbb {R}^n$ is relatively dense and $X - X$ is uniformly discrete, then X is an approximate lattice. We prove two generalizations of Lagarias’ theorem: when the ambient group is amenable and when it is a higher-rank simple algebraic group over a characteristic $0$ local field. This is a natural counterpart to the recent structure results for approximate lattices in non-commutative locally compact groups. We also provide a reformulation in dynamical terms pertaining to return times of cross-sections. Our method relies on counting arguments involving the so-called periodization maps, ergodic theorems and a method of Tao regarding small doubling for finite subsets. In the case of simple algebraic groups over local fields, we moreover make use of deep superrigidity results due to Margulis and to Zimmer.

Data quality is a key input in efforts to link individuals across census records. We examine the extreme case of low data quality by identifying US census enumerators who fabricated entire families. We provide clear evidence of fake people included in the 1920 US Census for Homestead, Pennsylvania. We use the features of this case study to identify other places where information in the census may have been falsified. We develop an automated approach that identifies census sheets that have much lower match rates to other census records than would be expected, given the characteristics of the people recorded on each sheet. We perform a hand-check on the suspicious sheets using standard genealogy tools and identify at least 90 sheets where the entire census sheet appears to have been fabricated.

In the process of utilising machine vision-assisted large aircraft component docking assembly, due to the occlusion induced by process equipment such as assembly tooling, the features on the calibration board cannot be extracted by each camera at the same time, resulting in calibration difficulties or calibration failure. This paper aims to propose a stereo calibration method for multi-cameras in large aircraft component assembly to improve calibration accuracy. Firstly, the sub-pixel edge extraction method based on Canny-Zernike is proposed to accurately extract the circular edges and circle centres of the calibration board, and the Zernike moment model is improved. The circle centre sorting method based on the triangular markers is introduced to realise the sorting of circle centres on the calibration board. Secondly, the intrinsic and extrinsic parameter models of multi-cameras and the visual parameter models between cameras are constructed, and Zhang’s calibration method and indirect calibration method are integrated to solve the parameters. Subsequently, the distortion correction model is optimised by Levenberg-Marquardt. Finally, experiments are performed to test the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method, compared with uncalibration and Zhang’s calibration method, the proposed method achieves stereo calibration of the multi-cameras under complex working conditions, enhances the calibration accuracy and improves the quality of the large aircraft component docking assembly.

Le présent article propose une caractérisation du phénomène linguistique de la distanciation, qui permet au locuteur de se désengager d’un premier contenu discursif, à partir de l’examen d’un certain nombre de propriétés constitutives. Nous prendrons comme témoins trois marqueurs de discours du français contemporain, formés sur le verbe dire: c’est vite dit, c’est beaucoup dire, c’est toi qui le dis. Notre conviction est que l’étude en parallèle des caractéristiques spécifiques permettant de distinguer une relation discursive, d’une part, et, de l’autre, du fonctionnement sémantico-pragmatique des marqueurs de discours, apportera un éclairage fructueux sur la question.

Sentiment analysis and stance detection are key tasks in text analysis, with applications ranging from understanding political opinions to tracking policy positions. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) offer significant potential to enhance sentiment analysis techniques and to evolve them into the more nuanced task of detecting stances expressed toward specific subjects. In this study, we evaluate lexicon-based models, supervised models, and LLMs for stance detection using two corpuses of social media data—a large corpus of tweets posted by members of the U.S. Congress on Twitter and a smaller sample of tweets from general users—which both focus on opinions concerning presidential candidates during the 2020 election. We consider several fine-tuning strategies to improve performance—including cross-target tuning using an assumption of congressmembers’ stance based on party affiliation—and strategies for fine-tuning LLMs, including few shot and chain-of-thought prompting. Our findings demonstrate that: 1) LLMs can distinguish stance on a specific target even when multiple subjects are mentioned, 2) tuning leads to notable improvements over pretrained models, 3) cross-target tuning can provide a viable alternative to in-target tuning in some settings, and 4) complex prompting strategies lead to improvements over pretrained models but underperform tuning approaches.

The war of 1578–1590 marked a turning point in Ottoman-Safavid relations. It followed thirty-three years of peace and ushered in over half a century of nearly continuous crisis and bloodshed. Militarily, the conflict was centered primarily in the Caucasus, where the Ottomans achieved significant territorial gains, formalized in the Treaty of Constantinople (1590). This war is among the better documented of the Ottoman-Safavid conflicts thanks to a wealth of contemporary sources, particularly from the Ottoman side. However, the lack of contemporary Safavid sources, as well as the neglect of local and global perspectives, has led to a biased and partial understanding, which the present special section seeks to address. Two of this section’s articles focus on the Caucasus campaign of 1578–1579, emphasizing Ottoman interactions with local populations and the daily experiences of ordinary soldiers (Alsancakli and Stevens). Two other articles examine Safavid relations with Russia and the Italian states in the context of a potential anti-Ottoman alliance (Rybar and Trentacoste). All four contributions are based on the presentation and publication or translation of previously unknown or overlooked primary sources.

The Hyphantria cunea (Drury) is a highly polyphagous invasive pest that has become widespread and destructive in China. Although sex pheromone components of H. cunea have been identified, the weak field attraction of synthetic sex pheromone has hindered the application of sex pheromone-based lures in efficient monitoring and management of this pest. In this study, the electroantennographic (EAG) and field responses of H. cunea male adults to three synthetic sex pheromone components, including Z9, Z12, Z15-18Ald (C18:Ald), Z3, Z6-9S,10 R-epoxy-21Hy (C21-2Epo), and 1, Z3, Z6-9S,10 R-epoxy-21Hy (C21-3Epo), were evaluated. Male antennae exhibited significant dose-dependent response to three individual components and a ternary mixtures. The younger and virgin male moths showed stronger electrophysiological activity to synthetic compounds, whereas sensitivity decreased significantly after mating. Among the three components, C21-3Epo elicited the strongest antennal responses. Field trapping revealed that neither single compounds nor binary blends attracted males, whereas only the ternary blend of C18:3Ald, C21-2Epo, and C21-3Epo (ratio 8:1:1; 10 mg total load) effectively captured large numbers of males. In addition, the field trapping indicated that the green rubber septum functioned as a practical dispenser for synthetic pheromones. The Unitraps baited with the green rubber septum showed significantly higher trapping efficiency than cotton wicks, highlighting the septum as a promising dispenser for field deployment of synthetic sex pheromones. Finally, the green rubber septum baited with a ternary blend monitored the dynamics of H. cunea occurrence and detected that the emergence period overlapped with the commercially available synthetic lure. In general, the bioactivity of the synthetic sex pheromone of H. cunea was validated. It could effectively capture H. cunea male adults, be used to monitor and control H. cunea, and further be incorporated into the integrated pest management programme.